Peb-seem luam tawm cov qauv anatomical (3dpams) zoo li yog cov cuab yeej tsim nyog vim lawv tus nqi kev kawm thiab muaj nuj nqis thiab ua tau. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog los piav qhia thiab tshawb xyuas cov hau kev siv los tsim 3DPAM rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev thiab ntsuas nws txoj kev sib tham.
Kev tshawb nrhiav hauv tshuab hluav taws xob tau ua cov lus pub rau kev siv cov lus hauv qab no: Kev kawm, kev qhia, kos duab, kos duab, anatomy, aitomy, thiab anatomy Cov. Cov. Cov kev tshawb pom tau suav nrog kev tshawb fawb, qauv tsim qauv, kev ntsuas xyuas morphological, kev kawm paub kev kawm, lub zog thiab tsis muaj zog.
Ntawm cov 68 cov lus xaiv, cov ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau thaj av Cranial (33 cov lus); 51 Tshooj Hais Tias Puam Luam Ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 47 tsab ntawv, 3DPAM tau tsim los ntawm kev ua cim tom qab. Tsib lub vev xaib tau teev tseg. Cov ntaub ntawv thiab lawv cov derivatives tau siv hauv 48 kev tshawb fawb. Txhua tus tsim qauv nyob rau hauv nqe ntawm $ 1.25 rau $ 2,800. Peb caug-xya kev tshawb fawb piv 3dpam nrog cov qauv siv. Peb caug-peb cov lus tau kawm cov haujlwm kawm. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog kev pom thiab tsim txiaj, kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev ua kom muaj kev sib zog ua kom zoo dua qub, kev ua kom zoo dua qub, kev ua kom muaj kev sib zog ntawm lub hlwb, kev txawj ntse thiab cov kws qhia ntawv ua kom tiav. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog tus qauv: xwm yeem, tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj lossis pob tshab, cov sij hawm sau ntev dhau thiab cov nqi siab.
Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas systemicatics no qhia tau tias 3DPAM raug nqi-ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab ua tau zoo rau kev qhia anatomy. Ntau cov qauv muaj tiag yuav tsum tau siv ntau dua cov khoom siv 3D luam tau ntxiv thiab cov sijhawm tsim qauv ntev dua, uas yuav ua rau muaj tus nqi tag nrho. Tus yuam sij yog xaiv cov txheej txheem tsim nyog. Los ntawm cov kev qhia ntawm kev pom, 3DPAM yog qhov cuab yeej zoo rau kev qhia anatomy, nrog qhov zoo rau kev kawm ua txiaj ntsig thiab kev txaus siab. Cov nyhuv kws qhia ntawv ntawm 3dpam yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws luam tawm cov cheeb tsam thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws thaum ntxov hauv lawv txoj kev kawm.
Dissection ntawm cov tsiaj cov tub rog tau ua tiav txij thaum yav dhau los Greece thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov hau kev ntawm kev qhia anatomy. Cad Hnyav ua yeeb yam tau ua thaum lub tswv yim qhia kev kawm ntawm cov qauv kev kho mob hauv tsev kawm qib siab (1,2,3,4,5]. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau cov teeb meem rau kev siv tib neeg cadavouric townimens, ua kom pom kev tshawb nrhiav cov cuab yeej tshiab (6]. Qee cov cuab yeej tshiab no suav nrog augmented kev muaj tseeb, digital cuab yeej, thiab cov luam ntawv 3D. Raws li cov ntawv nyeem tau los ntawm santos li al. [8] Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev qhia anatomy, ob qho tib si ntawm kev kawm tus nqi rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab ua raws li kev siv ntawm [4,9,10] Cov.
Luam tawm 3D tsis yog tshiab. Thawj tus patents cuam tshuam nrog lub thev naus laus zis xyoo rov qab los rau xyoo 1984: o de méhauté, o de witte thiab jc André nyob rau hauv Fabkis, thiab peb lub lis piam tom qab C hull hauv Asmeskas. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov thev naus laus zis tau txuas ntxiv hloov zuj zus thiab nws siv tau nthuav mus rau ntau thaj chaw. Piv txwv li, NASA luam tawm thawj tus kwv tshaj lub ntiaj teb nyob rau xyoo 2014 [11]. Tus kws kho mob yuav tau saws cov cuab yeej tshiab no, yog li nce lub siab xav tsim kho cov tshuaj [12].
Cov kws sau ntawv ntau tau ua kom pom cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov qauv 3D luam tawm anatomical (3dPAM) hauv kev kho mob [10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19]. Thaum qhia tib neeg lub cev, tsis yog kev paub tab thiab kev siv cov qauv qub uas xav tau. Qee qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau kuaj xyuas cov partological lossis kev kho mob / phais mob kev cob qhia qauv [8, 20]. Txhawm rau txhim kho cov qauv hybrid rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev uas tau tsim los qhia txog cov khoom siv 3D tshiab xws li kev kawm txog kev kawm siv cov khoom siv 3D.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nyeem ntawv no tau ua nyob rau lub Rau Hli 2022 siv Prisma (nyiam cov khoom tshaj tawm rau kev txheeb xyuas kom zoo thiab ntsuas cov txheej txheem tsis muaj sijhawm txwv [22].
Cov txheej txheem xam tau yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb siv 3DPAM hauv Kev Qhia Kev Tawm Kev Kawm / Kev Kawm. Cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas, cov tsiaj ntawv, lossis cov khoom siv tsom rau cov qauv pathologological, cov qauv tsiaj, thiab kev qhia kho mob, kev phais mob / phais cov qauv tau raug tshem tawm. Tsuas yog cov ntawv luam tawm hauv lus Askiv tau xaiv. Cov ntawv tsis muaj muaj nyob online Abstracts raug cais tawm. Cov ntsiab lus uas suav nrog ntau tus qauv, tsawg kawg ib qho ntawm ib qho uas yog qhov qub lossis muaj cov patholmically tsis cuam tshuam rau cov lus qhia, tau suav nrog.
Kev tshawb nrhiav ntaub ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob hauv lub Rau Hli 2022. Siv cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no luam tawm luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tau luam tawm , 3D, 3D, luam tawm, luam ntawv, luam ntawv, luam ntawv, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy thiab anatomy. Ib qho lus nug tau tua: ((((((((kev paub daws teeb] lossis kev qhia] lossis kev qhia [npe / paub daws teeb] lossis Kev Kawm Ntawv [Npe / Abstract] thiab (peb qhov ntev [Npe] lossis 3D [Npe] lossis Sau [Npe]) thiab (anatomy) [npe ]] / Abstract] lossis lub cev [npe / paub daws teeb] lossis lub cev [npe / paub daws teeb] lossis lub cev [npe / cim]. Cov khoom ntxiv tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm tus pas dej sov thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb. Tsis muaj hnub tim txwv tsis pub siv, tab sis "tus neeg" lim siv.
Txhua lub npe khaws cia thiab cov kev paub daws teeb meem tawm tsam kev suav nrog thiab cais tawm ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv (ebr thiab ib qho kev cai tsim nyog tau muab cais tawm. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm no ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau rov qab tau thiab tshuaj xyuas los ntawm peb tus kws sau ntawv (EBR, EBE thiab AL). Thaum tsim nyog, kev tsis pom zoo nyob rau hauv kev xaiv ntawm cov ntawv sau tau daws los ntawm tus neeg thib plaub (lt). Cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas tau ntsib txhua tus cov txheej txheem suav nrog muaj nyob hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no.
Cov ntaub ntawv rho tawm tau ua nws tus kheej los ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv (ebr thiab al) raws li kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thib peb (LT).
- Qauv Tsim Cov Ntaub Ntawv: Cov cheeb tsam anatomical, thawj tus qauv rau 3D luam, khoom luam tawm thiab ntau, luam ntawv, xim, luam ntawv tus nqi.
- Morpholological ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv: qauv siv rau kev sib piv, kev soj ntsuam kev kho mob ntawm cov kws tshaj lij / tus kws ntsuam xyuas, hom kev ntsuas, hom kev ntsuas.
- Qhia txog 3D hom qauv: Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm cov kev paub ntawm tub ntxhais kawm, naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm sib piv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, kev kawm / hom tub ntxhais kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas hauv nruab nrab ntawm nruab nrab, thiab 139 cov lus raug tshem tawm los ntawm "tib neeg lub lim. Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov npe thiab cov abstracts, 103 kev tshawb fawb tau xaiv rau kev nyeem ntawv puv nkaus. 34 Cov lus raug tshem tawm vim tias lawv tau muaj cov qauv pathological (9 tsab xov tooj), cov tsiaj ntawv kev phais mob (1 kab lus) lossis tsis yog thawj cov lus tshawb fawb (16 tshooj). ). Tag nrho cov ntawm 68 cov lus tau muaj nyob hauv kev txheeb xyuas. Daim duab 1 nthuav qhia cov txheej txheem xaiv uas yog daim phiaj txaus.
Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Cov Duab Ntxaij Sau Lub ntsiab lus PENNATORICATION, Kev Ntsuam Xyuas, thiab suav ntawm cov khoom hauv kev ntsuam xyuas hauv txoj cai no
Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm ntawm xyoo 2014 thiab 2022, nrog rau cov ntawv luam tawm nruab nrab ntawm 2019. Ntawm 68 (4%) yog 18 (26%) yog sim. Purely piav qhia. Ntawm 50 (73%) Cov kev sim sim, 21 (31%) siv randomization. Tsuas yog 34 kev tshawb fawb (50%) suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus. Cov Lus 1 Cov ntsiab lus piav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm.
33 Nqe (48%) Tshuaj xyuas lub taub hau cheeb tsam, 19 tsab ntawv (28%) Tau kuaj cov Amoracic, 17 tsab ntawv (22%) tshuaj xyuas qhov kawg. Tsib caug-ib tsab xov xwm (75%) hais txog 3D luam tawm cov pob txha raws li anatomical qauv los yog ntau-hlais anatomical qauv.
Hais txog cov qauv lossis cov ntaub ntawv siv los tsim 3dpam, 23 tshooj (29%) hais txog kev siv ntawm CadaRouric ntaub ntawv, thiab 17%) hais txog kev siv databases. Siv, thiab 7 txoj kev tshawb fawb (10%) tsis qhia tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv.
47 Kev Tshawb Fawb (69%) Tsim 3DPam raws li ua piv txwv tom qab, thiab 3 txoj kev kawm (4%) qhia txog kev siv microct. 7 Cov Lus Qhia (10%) Cov khoom 3D siv kho qhov muag theej duab, 4 tshooj (6%) Siv MRI, thiab 1%) Siv cov koob yees duab thiab tsom iav. 14 Tshooj (21%) tsis tau hais txog cov khoom ntawm 3D qauv qauv tsim cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv 3D tau tsim nrog qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj kev daws teeb meem tsawg dua 0.5 hli. Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog 30 μm [80] thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem siab tshaj plaws yog 1.5 hli [32].
Rau caum cov software kev siv software sib txawv (segmentation, qauv, tsim lossis luam ntawv) tau siv. Mimics (Khoom Siv, Leuven, Belgium) tau siv feem ntau (14%), geomagic (19%), geomagic (mo, NC, leesville) Cov. (10 kev tshawb fawb, 15%), 3D slicer (Boston, Ma) (8%) thiab Cura (Geldemarsen, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, Amsterdamsav, 11%) (7 Kev Tshawb Fawb, 10%).
Rau caum-xya tus qauv tshuab luam ntawv txawv qauv thiab tsib txheej txheem luam tawm tau hais txog. FDM (fees depeupition Modeling Modeling Modeling) siv rau 26 khoom (38%), cov khoom tawg hauv 13 cov khoom (11 cov khoom, 16%). Qhov tsawg kawg siv thev naus laus zis yog cov khoom ua yeeb yam (SLA) (5 tsab xov xwm, 7%) thiab xaiv cov laser sintering (4 tsab ntawv, 6%). Cov tshuab luam ntawv feem ntau (7 tsab xov xwm, 10%) yog connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehuisys, 30, 36, 62, 62, 65].
When specifying the materials used to make 3DPAM (51 articles, 75%), 48 studies (71%) used plastics and their derivatives. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau siv yog PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, resin (n = 9, acrylonitrile) (7 hom, 10%). 23 Tshooj (34% tau kuaj xyuas 3dpam tau los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv, 36 Tshooj (53%) nthuav tawm 3dpam tau hais los ntawm tsuas yog ib qho khoom siv, thiab 9 tshooj (13%) tsis qhia cov khoom.
Nees nkaum-cuaj tsab xov xwm (43%) tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm sib piv ntawm 0.25: 1 txog 2: 1, nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1: 1. Nees nkaum-tsib tshooj (37%) siv 1: 1 piv txwv. 28 3DPAMS (41%) muaj ntau yam xim, thiab 9 (13%) tau dyed tom qab luam [43, 46, 58, 58, 58, 65, 75].
Peb caug plaub caug (50%) cov nqi uas tau hais tseg. 9 Tshooj (13%) hais txog tus nqi ntawm 3D luam ntawv thiab cov khoom siv nyoos. Cov tshuab luam ntawv ntau hauv nqe ntawm nqe ntawm $ 302 txog $ 65,000. Thaum teev cov qauv, cov qauv nyiaj tau los ntawm $ 1.25 rau $ 2,800; Cov extreem no sib haum rau cov pob txha caj ces [47] thiab qib siab ua ncaj ncees retperitiveWitoneal qauv [48]. Cov lus 2 Piav qhia txog cov qauv ntaub ntawv rau txhua qhov kev kawm suav nrog.
Peb caug-xya kev tshawb fawb (54%) piv 3Dapm rau tus qauv siv. Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, feem ntau cov qauv sib piv yog tus qauv anatomical siv, siv nyob rau hauv 14 tsab ntawv (16%), thiab npaj npaj rau hauv 6 tshooj (16%). Siv cov kev muaj tiag virtual, suav ua tiav Tomography kos ib qho 3dpam hauv 2 tshooj (3%), lwm 3 xyoos (3%), cov lej (3%), cov qauv lag luam hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%) thiab augmented kev muaj tiag hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%). Peb caug plaub (50%) kev kawm tau soj ntsuam 3dPAM. Kaum tsib (48%) Kev Kawm Qhia kom ntxaws Cov Lus Qhia Cov Lus Qhia Cov Lus Qhia Kev Kawm (Rooj 3). 3DPA tau ua los ntawm cov kws phais mob lossis mus kawm cov kws khomob hauv 7 kev tshawb fawb (20%), cov xibfwb qhia ntawv (20%)) thiab ib qho tshuaj ntsuam ntxiv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm (7%). Qhov nruab nrab tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas yog 14 (tsawg kawg 2, siab kawg 30). Peb caug-peb txoj kev tshawb fawb (49%) soj ntsuam 3D morpholog morphology muaj peev xwm, thiab 10%) ntsuam xyuas 3dpam morpholog totheritatus. Ntawm 33 txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tau siv cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog, 168%), 9 siv cov ntawv xeem / 27%), thiab 8 siv Likert teev (24%). Cov Lus 3 Tshaj Tawm Kev Ntsuas Morphological ntawm cov qauv hauv txhua qhov kev kawm suav nrog.
Peb caug-peb (48%) tau kawm thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev qhia 3dpam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, 23 (70%) tau ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab, 17 (51%) siv Likert teev, thiab 6%) siv lwm txoj kev siv. Nees nkaum-ob tsab ntawv (67%) tau xeem cov tub ntxhais kawm kev kawm los ntawm kev paub txog kev paub, ntawm 10 (30%) siv pretests thiab / lossis cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Kaum ib qhov kev kawm (33%) siv cov lus nug ntxiv thiab kev ntsuam xyuas los ntsuas cov tub ntxhais kawm cov kev paub, thiab tsib txoj kev tshawb fawb (15%) siv duab kos duab / anatomical. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 76 tus tub ntxhais kawm koom nrog txhua txoj kev kawm (tsawg kawg 8, ntau kawg 319). Nees nkaum plaub txoj kev tshawb fawb (72%) muaj pawg tswj hwm, ntawm 20 (60%) siv random. Hauv kev sib piv, ib txoj kev kawm (3%)) cov qauv anatomical tau muab rau 10 tus tub ntxhais kawm sib txawv. Nyob rau nruab nrab, 2.6 pawg tau muab piv (tsawg kawg 2, ntau tshaj 10). Nees nkaum-peb txoj kev tshawb fawb (70%) muaj feem nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, ntawm 14 (42%) yog thawj xyoo cov tub ntxhais kawm. Rau (18%) Cov kev kawm txog kev koom nrog cov neeg nyob sab nraud, 4 (12%) cov tub ntxhais kawm hniav, thiab 3 (9%) cov tub ntxhais kawm science. Rau kev tshawb fawb (18%) siv thiab ntsuas qhov kev kawm tsawg dua uas siv 3DPAM. Cov Lus 4 Cov ntsiab lus tshwm sim ntawm 3DPam cov lus qhia ua tau zoo rau txhua txoj kev kawm ntxiv.
Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv 3DPAM ua cov kws qhia ntawv qhia rau tib neeg lub cev muaj tseeb [55, 50, 72, thiab xwm yeem hloov pauv [34] Cov. , 45, 48, 64], xim thiab pob tshab [28, kev ntseeg tau [16, 53, 53, 53, 69, 79], 79], 79], nqi [ 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60], muaj peev xwm txhim kho lossis kev txhim kho (huv [181], 55, 48, 53, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], muaj peev xwm muab cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm [61], muaj peev xwm los ua kom muaj zog ntawm lub cev lossis tsim cov qauv txheej txheem tshwj xeeb [51, 53], 67], kev tsim qauv ceev ntawm cov qauv pob txha pob txha pob txha pob txha pob txha pob txha pob txha thiab siv cov qauv hauv tsev [4, 7], zoo li kev sib hloov hlwb [32], zoo li hauv tus kws qhia ntawv [ 25, 63] thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim qauv: rigidity [80], 64], 64, 81], xim muaj qaim [45]. Thiab cov fragility ntawm hauv pem teb [71]. Lwm yam tsis zoo suav nrog kev poob nyiaj [30, 76] thiab tus nqi. Siab [48].
Qhov kev rov tshuaj xyuas cov system no xaus 68 cov ntawv luam tawm tshaj 9 xyoo thiab tseem ceeb rau lub zej zog science rau 3dpam ua ib qho cuab yeej rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev. Txhua thaj av anatomical tau kawm thiab cov luam tawm 3D. Ntawm cov ntawv no, 37 cov lus piv 3dPam nrog lwm cov qauv, thiab 33 cov lus tau raug ntsuas cov kev qhia ntawv ntawm 3dpam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Muab cov kev sib txawv hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm Anatomical 3D kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam, peb tsis tau xav txog nws tsim nyog los ua kev tsom xam ntawm kev ncaws tawm. Kev tsom xam meta-tsom xam nyob rau hauv 2020 feem ntau yog tsom rau kev paub txog anatomical tom qab kev cob qhia yam tsis muaj kev tshawb xyuas cov kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim qauv 3dpam thiab ntau lawm [10].
Lub hauv paus cheeb tsam yog qhov kev kawm tshaj plaws, tej zaum yog vim hais tias qhov nyuaj ntawm nws qhov kev nyuaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kom piav qhia qhov chaw anatomical no rau ntawm nqua lossis tass. CT yog los ntawm kev siv ntau tshaj plaws uas siv cov kev ntsuas qauv. Cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv chaw kho mob, tab sis muaj kev daws teeb meem spatial thiab cov nqaij mos qis. Cov kev txwv no ua CT Scans tsis zoo rau ntu thiab ua qauv ntawm cov leeg ntshav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ua piv rau Tomography yog zoo dua rau cov pob txha nqaij segmentation / qauv; Pob txha / mos mos sab nrauv yuav pab ua kom tiav cov kauj ruam no ua ntej 3D luam tawm anatomical qauv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, microct yog suav hais tias yog cov siv thev naus laus zis hauv cov ntsiab lus daws teeb meem hauv cov pob txha uas xav txog [70]. Kev kho qhov muag theej kho lossis MRI kuj tseem siv tau los txais cov duab. Cov kev daws teeb meem siab dua tiv thaiv kev ua pob txha pob txha thiab khaws cov subtlety ntawm anatomical cov qauv [59]. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv tseem cuam tshuam rau kev daws teeb meem spatial: piv txwv, cov qauv yas muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg [45]. Cov duab tsim qauv yuav tsum tsim cov qauv 3D, uas nce tus nqi ($ 25 txog $ 150 ib teev) [43]. Tau txais cov khoom zoo .stl cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus los tsim cov qauv zoo ntawm cov qauv zoo nkauj. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab luam ntawv tsis muaj, xws li kev qhia ntawm lub anatomical qauv ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv [29]. Qee tus kws sau ntawv qhia tias cov luam ntawv siab heev xws li SLS yuav tsum tau siv los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm 3DPam [38]. Kev tsim 3DPAM yuav tsum muaj kev pab tshaj lij; Cov neeg tshaj lij tshaj plaws-tom qab cov kws tshaj lij yog cov enchaologist, [75], cov kws tsim duab: thiab anatomists [25, 28, 51, 76, 76].
Segentation thiab cov software ua qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov qauv anatomical, tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov pob khoom no thiab lawv qhov nyuaj tab kaum lawv siv. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau muab piv rau kev siv cov pob software sib txawv thiab luam ntawv thev naus laus zis, qhia txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua lub thev naus laus zis [68]. Ntxiv rau cov qauv software, luam ntawv software tau tshaj rau cov tshuab luam ntawv xaiv kuj tseem xav tau; Qee tus kws sau ntawv nyiam siv online 3D luam tawm [75]. Yog tias muaj cov khoom 3D tau luam tawm, kev nqis peev tuaj yeem ua rau nyiaj txiag rov qab [72].
Yas yog los ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau siv. Nws cov textures thiab xim ua rau nws cov khoom siv ntawm kev xaiv rau 3dpam. Qee tus kws sau ntawv tau qhuas nws lub zog siab piv rau cov qauv cadaveric lossis cov qauv ua qauv [24, 56, 73]. Qee cov yas txawm tias muaj khoov lossis ncab cov khoom. Piv txwv li, foob filaflex nrog FDM thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem ncab txog 700%. Qee tus neeg sau ntawv yuav tsum xav txog nws cov khoom siv ntawm kev xaiv rau cov leeg, tendon thiab ligasent replication [63]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsa cov lus nug txog kev tshaj lij fiber ntau thaum lub sijhawm luam ntawv. Qhov tseeb, cov leeg nqaij fiber ntau, ntxig, hauv qab, thiab muaj nuj nqi yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov leeg ua qauv [33].
Kuj ceeb tias, ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb hais txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev luam ntawv. Txij li ntau tus neeg xav txog xyoo 1: 1 piv txwv los ua qauv, tus sau yuav tau xaiv tsis tau hais txog nws. Txawm hais tias UPSCALING yog tseem ceeb rau kev qhia hauv cov pab pawg loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov chav kawm loj hlob thiab cov qauv loj ntawm tus qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ntawm chav kawm, puv loj loj teev ua kom yooj yim dua los nrhiav thiab sib txuas lus ntau yam rau tus neeg mob, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia yog vim li cas lawv feem ntau siv.
Ntawm ntau cov tshuab luam ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawm kev ua lag luam, cov uas siv polyjet (cov khoom siv inkjet lossis ntau yam (thiab yog li ntawd ntau-cov ntsiab lus raug nqi ntawm US $ 250,000 (https: / /www.aniwaa.com/). Tus nqi siab no yuav txwv tsis pub muaj 3DPAM hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv kho mob. Ntxiv rau tus nqi luam ntawv, tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj rau inkjet luam ntawv yog siab tshaj rau SLA lossis FDM luam tawm [68]. Cov nqi rau SLA lossis FDM luam ntawv kuj tseem pheej yig, xws li € 576 rau € 4,999 hauv cov ntawv teev nyob hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no. Raws li Tripodi thiab cov npoj yaig, txhua qhov pob txha pob txha tuaj yeem luam tawm rau US $ 1.25 [47]. Kaum ib qhov kev tshawb fawb xaus lus tias 3D luam ntawv yog pheej yig dua li yas lossis cov qauv lag luam [248, 51, 601, 81, 81, 83]. Ntxiv mus, cov qauv lag luam no tau tsim los muab cov ntaub ntawv tus neeg mob uas tsis muaj qhov txaus rau kev qhia anatomy [80]. Cov qauv lag luam no tau txiav txim siab qis dua 3dpam [44]. Nws yog tsim nyog sau tseg tias, ntxiv rau cov tshuab luam ntawv siv, tus nqi kawg yog ib feem kawg rau cov nplai thiab yog li ntawd qhov kawg ntawm 3dpam [48]. Rau cov laj thawj no, qhov loj tag nrho yog nyiam [37].
Tsuas yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb piv 3dpam nrog kev lag luam muaj cov qauv anatomical [72]. Cadaveracer kuaj yog feem ntau siv kev sib piv rau 3dpam. Txawm hais tias lawv cov kev txwv, coraverer cov qauv tseem ceeb rau kev qhia anatomy. Ib qho kev sib txawv yuav tsum tau ua ntawm lub cev tsis muaj lub cev, discrection thiab pob txha qhuav. Raws li kev xeem xeem, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias 3dpam tau ua tau zoo dua li plastinated disast- 16, 27]. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb piv ib teev ntawm kev cob qhia siv 3DPAM (qis dua) nrog ib teev ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj tseeb ntawm ib cheeb tsam Anatomical [78]. Tsis muaj ib qho txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob txoj kev qhia. Nws yog yuav zoo tias muaj cov kev tshawb fawb me me ntawm cov ncauj lus no vim tias xws li sib piv yog qhov nyuaj ua. Kev ua txhaum yog kev npaj siv sijhawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Qee lub sij hawm kaum ob ntawm cov xuaj moos npaj yuav tsum tau, nyob ntawm seb yog dab tsi tau npaj. Ib feem thib peb kev sib piv tuaj yeem ua nrog cov pob txha qhuav. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Tsai thiab Smith pom tias cov qhab nia xeem tau zoo dua hauv cov pab pawg uas siv 3DPam [51, 63]. Chen thiab cov npoj yaig tau sau tseg tias cov tub ntxhais kawm siv 3D qauv ua tau zoo dua ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv (tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv MCQ cov qhab nia [69]. Thaum kawg, Tanner thiab cov npoj yaig pom tau zoo tshaj cov kev kuaj xyuas tom qab hauv pawg no siv 3dpam ntawm Phajalatine Fossa [46]. Lwm cov cuab yeej qhia tshiab tau txheeb xyuas hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog augmentued kev muaj tiag, virtual kev ua si thiab kev ua si loj [43]. Raws li mahrodues thiab cov npoj yaig, nyiam rau cov qauv anatomical yog nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ua si video games [31]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ib qho kev txav siab loj ntawm cov cuab yeej qhia anatomy tshiab yog haptic tswv yim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ua kom dawb huv cov cuab yeej [48].
Feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb ntsuas qhov tshiab 3dpam tau siv pretests ntawm kev paub. Cov pretests pab tsis txhob muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev ntsuas. Qee tus kws sau ntawv, ua ntej ua kev sim, tshem tawm txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm uas tau qhab nia saum toj ntawm qhov ntsuas kev ua ntej [40]. Ntawm cov biases garas thiab cov npoj yaig tau hais tias yog cov xim ntawm cov qauv thiab xaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb hauv chav kawm ntawm chav kawm [61]. Staining pab pawg ntawm cov qauv anatomical. Chen thiab cov npoj yaig tsim nruj kev sim tsis muaj qhov pib sib txawv ntawm pab pawg thiab txoj kev tshawb no tau dig muag rau qhov siab tshaj plaws tau [69]. Lim thiab cov npoj yaig pom zoo kom cov kev xeem tom qab xeem ntawv ua tiav los ntawm ib tus thib peb kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev ntsuas [16]. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv cov nplai piv txwv los ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm 3dpam. Qhov ntsuas ntsuas no yog tsim nyog rau kev ntsuas kev txaus siab, tab sis tseem muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees tseem ceeb kom paub txog [86].
Cov kev kawm ntawv txheeb ze ntawm 3DPAM tau raug ntsuas feem ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, suav nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob ua ntej xyoo, hauv 14 ntawm 33 txoj kev kawm. Hauv kev sim kev sim, Wilk thiab cov npoj yaig tau qhia tias cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob tau kawm tias 3D luam ntawv yuav tsum suav nrog hauv lawv txoj kev kawm kev kawm kev kawm kev paub [87]. 87% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Cercenelli txoj kev kawm tau ntseeg tias xyoo ob ntawm kev kawm yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws los siv 3DPAM [84]. Tanner thiab cov npoj yaig 'kuj tau qhia tias cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tau zoo dua yog tias lawv tsis tau kawm cov teb [46]. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau qhia tias thawj xyoo ntawm kev kho mob tsev kawm yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws los sib xyaw 3dpam rau hauv kev qhia anatomy. Nej cov Meta-kev tsom xam tau txhawb nqa lub tswv yim no [18]. Hla rau cov lus 27 hauv kev kawm, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm 3D kev sib piv nrog cov qauv tsoos hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, tab sis tsis yog nyob hauv cov neeg nyob hauv.
3dpam ua cov cuab yeej kev kawm txhim kho kev kawm tiav [16, 35, 52, 69, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab [25, 45, 46, 57, 63 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Panels ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tseem pom cov qauv no muaj txiaj ntsig [37, 42, 42, 82], thiab ob txoj kev tshawb fawb pom kev ua tiav nrog 3dpam [25, 63]. Txhua qhov chaw, lub nkoj thiab cov npoj yaig xav txog 3D luam tawm kom yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov qauv anatomical [49]. Hauv lawv thawj zaug kev tsom xam, koj thiab cov lus qhia uas tau txais cov qhab nia thib 3Dpam tau txais cov tub ntxhais kawm 2d lossis cov lus qhia ntxiv [10]. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv sib txawv 3dpam tsis yog los ntawm kev nyuaj, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm lub siab, lub paj hlwb, thiab mob plab. Nyob rau hauv xya txoj kev tshawb fawb, 3dpam tsis tau hloov dua lwm tus qauv raws cov tub ntxhais kawm raws li cov tub ntxhais kawm raws li cov tub ntxhais kawm raws li cov tub ntxhais kawm [qib siab, 69, 77, 88, 88, 88, 88, 84]. Hauv lawv cov Meta-tsom xam, Salazar thiab cov npoj yaig tau xaus tias kev siv 3dpam tshwj xeeb txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm lub cev [17]. Cov tswvyim no zoo ib yam nrog Hitas 'tsab ntawv rau tus kho [88]. Qee qhov chaw anatomical suav tias yog qhov nyuaj tsis tas yuav siv 3dpam, whereas ntau yam caj dab (xws li kev xaiv lub cav rau 3dpam. Cov tswv yim no yuav piav qhia yog vim li cas qee qhov 3DPAMS tsis tau suav tias yog cov qauv ua yeeb yam, tshwj xeeb yog thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj kev paub txog qhov uas tau pom tias yog pom tau zoo dua. Yog li, nthuav tawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas twb muaj ib co paub txog cov tub ntxhais kawm (cov tub ntxhais kawm lossis cov neeg nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv lossis cov neeg nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
Ntawm tag nrho cov kev kawm cov txiaj ntsig tau teev tseg, 11 cov kev kawm paub txog qhov qauv pom kev zoo [27,48,55], thiab 3 txoj kev kawm txhim kho lub zog thiab kav ntev (33 , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Lwm qhov zoo yog cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem muab sijhawm los ntawm lub sijhawm, lub phiaj xwm tuaj yeem ua tiav nyob hauv 24 teev, thiab nws tuaj yeem siv los qhia cov nyiaj loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Pawg [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Rov ua dua 3D luam tawm rau cov kev sib txuas lus ntawm lub cev uas muaj 3D luam tawm qauv ntau tus nqi ntau nqi nce siab [26]. Kev siv ntawm 3DPAM tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib hloov kev sib hloov kev sib hloov kev sib hloov ntawm cov kev txhais ntawm cov duab hla ntawm cov duab Hla [23, 32]. Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov tub ntxhais kawm raug 3dpam feem ntau yuav ua rau phais [40, 74]. Hlau Connectors tuaj yeem tsim cov kev txav hluav taws xob uas xav tau los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub anatomy [51, 53], lossis cov qauv tsim tau siv cov qauv tsim [67].
3D luam ntawv tso cai rau kev tsim cov qauv kev kho kom haum, [58, 80] siv cov qauv tsim nyog, [5] siv cov xim tsim nyog, [56] siv pob tshab, (49) xim, [45] lossis ua qee cov qauv sab hauv pom [30]. Tripodi thiab cov npoj yaig tau siv cov av puab sculpting kom ua tiav lawv cov qauv 3D luam tawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv qhia kev qhia ua ke ua cov cuab yeej qhia ntawv [47]. Hauv 9 kev tshawb fawb, xim tau thov tom qab kev luam ntawv [43, 49, 54, 58, 56 ,, tab sis cov tub ntxhais kawm thov nws ib zaug [49]. Hmoov tsis zoo, txoj kev tshawb no tsis ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev cob qhia qauv lossis kev sib tw ntawm kev kawm. Qhov no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm anatomy, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm sib xyaw thiab kev tsim tau tsim [89]. Txhawm rau tiv nrog kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm, kev kawm tus kheej tau siv ntau zaus los ntsuas cov qauv [24, 27, 46, 66, 82].
Ib qho kev tshawb fawb tau xaus tias cov xim yas ntawm cov khoom siv tau ci ntsa iab [45], thiab ob qho kev kawm tau xaus rau hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm cov qauv [25, 45 ]. Cov. Xya kev tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias lub anatomical nthuav dav ntawm 3dpam tsis txaus [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 81, 81].
Yog xav paub cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws anatomical ntawm cov cheeb tsam loj thiab cov cheeb tsam sib txawv, lub sijhawm ua qauv yog suav tias yog qhov ntev heev (txog peb $ 2000) [27, 48]. Hojo thiab cov npoj yaig tau tshaj tawm hauv lawv txoj kev kawm tias kev tsim cov qauv anatomical ntawm lub plab mog tau coj 40 teev [42]. Lub sijhawm ntev tshaj plaws yog 380 teev nyob rau hauv kev kawm los ntawm cov duab yaj saub thiab cov npoj yaig, uas tau ua ke los tsim cov kev sib tw ua tiav kev ua tiav cov pa roj txheem huab cua huab cua [36]. Hauv cuaj kev tshawb fawb, segmentation thiab tshuab luam ntawv tau txiav txim siab qhov tsis zoo [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Txawm li cas los xij, 12 txoj kev tshawb pom raug thuam cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm lawv cov qauv, tshwj xeeb lawv cov tawv nqaij, [71] lossis tsis muaj qhov tseeb [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Cov kev tsis zoo no tuaj yeem kov yeej los ntawm kev nce ntu lossis lub sijhawm simulation. Poob thiab rov ua cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem cuam tshuam yog ib qho teeb meem ntsib los ntawm peb pawg [30, 74, 77]. Raws li tus neeg mob cov lus qhia, iodinated sib piv cov neeg sawv cev tsis muab cov vascular pom tseeb pom vim muaj kev txwv ib koob [74]. Kev Txhaj Tshuaj ntawm CORRAVERRY tus qauv zoo li yog ib txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws uas tau txav ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kom tsawg li sai tau" thiab cov kev txwv ntawm koob tshuaj tiv thaiv tus neeg sawv cev.
Hmoov tsis zoo, ntau cov lus tsis hais txog qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 3dpam. Tsawg dua ib nrab ntawm cov kab lus qhia meej meej txawm tias lawv 3dpam tau tinted. Cov kev pab them nqi ntawm cov qauv luam tawm tsis raug cai (43% ntawm cov lus), thiab tsuas yog 34% tau hais txog kev siv ntau yam xov xwm. Cov kev ntsuas no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv cuam tshuam cov kev kawm ntawm cov khoom ntawm 3dPAM. Cov ntawv feem ntau tsis muab cov lus qhia txaus txog cov nyom uas tau txais 3DPam (cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog, cov nqi luam ntawv, luam ntawv siv, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem ceeb heev thiab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej xav tias yuav pib ib txoj haujlwm los tsim cov 3D tshiab.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas txheej txheem system no qhia tau tias kev tsim qauv thiab 3D luam tawm ntawm tus nqi qis, tshwj xeeb yog siv FDM lossis cov tshuab luam ntawv ib leeg thiab cov khoom siv yas ua pheej yig. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv kev tsim qauv no tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv xim lossis ntxiv cov qauv tsim hauv cov khoom sib txawv. Ntau cov qauv muaj tiag (luam tawm siv ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm Cadaver Qhov no yuav ua rau kom muaj tus nqi tag nrho. Tsis muaj teeb meem cov txheej txheem luam tawm yog xaiv, xaiv cov txheej txheem tsim nyog yog qhov tseem ceeb rau 3dpam txoj kev vam meej. Qhov siab dua qhov kev daws teeb meem ntau dua, qhov tseeb tiag tiag ntawm tus qauv ua thiab tuaj yeem siv rau kev tshawb fawb txiaj ntsig. Los ntawm cov kev qhia ntawm kev pom, 3DPAM yog qhov cuab yeej zoo rau kev qhia anatomy, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov kev xeem paub rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab lawv txaus siab. Cov nyhuv kws qhia ntawv ntawm 3dpam yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws luam tawm cov cheeb tsam thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws thaum ntxov hauv lawv txoj kev kawm.
Cov datasetts generated thiab / lossis tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tsis yog pej xeem vim cov kev txwv tsis pub muaj lus tab sis muaj los ntawm tus sau cov ntawv thov.
Drake RL, LOry DJ, pruitt cm. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov atatomy, microanatomy, neurobiology, thiab embineology cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv Asmeskas Kev Kawm Kho Mob tsev kawm ntawv. Anat Rec. 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
Ghosh sk Cad Hnyav ua raws li cov cuab yeej qhia kev kawm rau kev tshawb fawb anatomical nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st: kev ua tiav raws li ib qho khoom siv kev kawm. Kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev kawm tshawb fawb. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Lub Sijhawm Post: Nov-01-2023