Cov qauv luam tawm peb-seem ntawm lub cev (3DPAMs) zoo li yog ib qho cuab yeej tsim nyog vim lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm thiab kev ua tau. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas no yog los piav qhia thiab tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem siv los tsim 3DPAM rau kev qhia txog lub cev tib neeg thiab los ntsuas nws txoj kev koom tes hauv kev qhia.
Ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav hauv hluav taws xob tau ua nyob rau hauv PubMed siv cov lus hauv qab no: kev kawm, tsev kawm ntawv, kev kawm, kev qhia, kev cob qhia, kev qhia, kev kawm, peb-seem, 3D, 3-seem, luam ntawv, luam ntawv, qauv cev, qauv cev, qauv cev, thiab qauv cev. . Cov kev tshawb pom suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kawm, kev tsim qauv qauv, kev ntsuam xyuas morphological, kev kawm tau zoo, lub zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog.
Ntawm 68 tsab xov xwm xaiv, cov kev tshawb fawb ntau tshaj plaws tsom mus rau thaj tsam cranial (33 tsab xov xwm); 51 tsab xov xwm hais txog kev luam pob txha. Hauv 47 tsab xov xwm, 3DPAM tau tsim los ntawm kev siv computer tomography. Muaj tsib txoj kev luam ntawv teev npe. Cov yas thiab lawv cov khoom siv tau siv hauv 48 txoj kev tshawb fawb. Txhua tus qauv tsim muaj tus nqi txij li $ 1.25 txog $ 2,800. Peb caug xya txoj kev tshawb fawb piv rau 3DPAM nrog cov qauv siv. Peb caug peb tsab xov xwm tau tshuaj xyuas cov haujlwm kev kawm. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov zoo ntawm kev pom thiab kov, kev kawm zoo, kev rov ua dua, kev hloov kho tau thiab kev nrawm, kev txuag sijhawm, kev koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv ua haujlwm, kev muaj peev xwm tig lub hlwb zoo dua, kev khaws cia kev paub thiab kev txaus siab ntawm tus xib fwb/tub ntxhais kawm. Cov kev tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim qauv: kev sib xws, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus lossis pob tshab, xim uas ci dhau, lub sijhawm luam ntawv ntev thiab tus nqi siab.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia tau tias 3DPAM pheej yig thiab siv tau zoo rau kev qhia txog lub cev. Cov qauv zoo dua yuav tsum tau siv cov thev naus laus zis luam ntawv 3D kim dua thiab lub sijhawm tsim qauv ntev dua, uas yuav ua rau tus nqi tag nrho nce ntxiv. Qhov tseem ceeb yog xaiv txoj kev thaij duab kom raug. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev qhia, 3DPAM yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo rau kev qhia txog lub cev, nrog rau qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm thiab kev txaus siab. Qhov cuam tshuam kev qhia ntawm 3DPAM zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws rov ua dua cov cheeb tsam anatomical nyuaj thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws thaum ntxov hauv lawv txoj kev cob qhia kho mob.
Kev txiav cov tsiaj tuag tau ua txij li thaum ub los thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia txog lub cev. Kev txiav cov neeg tuag uas tau ua thaum lub sijhawm kawm txuj ci siv rau hauv cov ntawv kawm theoretical ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab tam sim no suav hais tias yog tus qauv kub rau kev kawm txog lub cev [1,2,3,4,5]. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam teeb meem rau kev siv cov qauv neeg tuag, ua rau muaj kev tshawb nrhiav cov cuab yeej cob qhia tshiab [6, 7]. Qee cov cuab yeej tshiab no suav nrog kev muaj tiag augmented, cov cuab yeej digital, thiab 3D printing. Raws li kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no los ntawm Santos et al. [8] Hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab no rau kev qhia txog lub cev, 3D printing zoo li yog ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ob qho tib si hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab hais txog qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv [4,9,10].
Kev luam ntawv 3D tsis yog ib yam tshiab. Cov ntawv pov thawj thawj zaug uas cuam tshuam nrog cov thev naus laus zis no tau muab rau xyoo 1984: A Le Méhauté, O De Witte thiab JC André hauv Fabkis, thiab peb lub lis piam tom qab C Hull hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov thev naus laus zis tau txuas ntxiv mus thiab nws txoj kev siv tau nthuav dav mus rau ntau qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, NASA tau luam tawm thawj yam khoom dhau ntawm lub ntiaj teb hauv xyoo 2014 [11]. Kev kho mob kuj tau siv cov cuab yeej tshiab no, yog li ua rau muaj kev xav tsim cov tshuaj kho mob tus kheej [12].
Muaj ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau ua pov thawj txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov qauv anatomical luam tawm 3D (3DPAM) hauv kev kawm kho mob [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Thaum qhia txog tib neeg lub cev, cov qauv tsis yog pathological thiab anatomically ib txwm xav tau. Qee qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau tshuaj xyuas cov qauv kev cob qhia pathological lossis kev kho mob / phais [8, 20, 21]. Txhawm rau tsim cov qauv sib xyaw rau kev qhia txog tib neeg lub cev uas suav nrog cov cuab yeej tshiab xws li 3D luam tawm, peb tau ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua los piav qhia thiab tshuaj xyuas seb cov khoom luam tawm 3D tau tsim li cas rau kev qhia txog tib neeg lub cev thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev kawm siv cov khoom 3D no li cas.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no tau ua nyob rau lub Rau Hli 2022 siv cov lus qhia PRISMA (Cov Khoom Qhia Zoo Tshaj Plaws rau Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Txheej Txheem thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb Meta) yam tsis muaj kev txwv sijhawm [22].
Cov qauv suav nrog yog txhua daim ntawv tshawb fawb siv 3DPAM hauv kev qhia/kev kawm txog lub cev. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sau, cov ntawv, lossis cov ntawv sau uas tsom mus rau cov qauv kab mob, cov qauv tsiaj, cov qauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, thiab cov qauv kev cob qhia kho mob/phais raug tshem tawm. Tsuas yog cov ntawv luam tawm ua lus Askiv raug xaiv. Cov ntawv sau uas tsis muaj cov ntawv luv luv hauv online raug tshem tawm. Cov ntawv sau uas muaj ntau tus qauv, tsawg kawg yog ib qho uas zoo li qub lossis muaj kab mob me me uas tsis cuam tshuam rau tus nqi qhia, raug suav nrog.
Kev tshawb nrhiav ntaub ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv lub ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob PubMed (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Hauv Tebchaws ntawm Kev Kho Mob, NCBI) los txheeb xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam luam tawm txog rau Lub Rau Hli 2022. Siv cov lus tshawb nrhiav hauv qab no: kev kawm, tsev kawm ntawv, kev qhia, kev qhia, kev kawm, kev qhia, kev kawm, peb-seem, 3D, 3D, luam ntawv, luam ntawv, kev luam ntawv, qauv cev, qauv cev thiab qauv cev. Ib qho lus nug tau ua tiav: (((kev kawm[Lub Npe/Abstract] LOS YOG tsev kawm ntawv[Lub Npe/Abstract] LOS YOG kev kawm[Lub Npe/Abstract] LOS YOG kev qhia[Lub Npe/Abstract] LOS YOG kev cob qhia[Lub Npe/Abstract] LOS YOG Txhua Yam[Lub Npe/Abstract] ] LOS YOG Kev Kawm [Lub Npe/Abstract]) THIAB (Peb Qhov Ntev [Lub Npe] LOS YOG 3D [Lub Npe] LOS YOG 3D [Lub Npe])) THIAB (Luam Tawm [Lub Npe] LOS YOG Luam Tawm [Lub Npe] LOS YOG Luam Tawm [Lub Npe])) THIAB (Anatomy) [Lub Npe] ]/abstract] los yog anatomy [lub npe/abstract] los yog anatomy [lub npe/abstract] los yog anatomy [lub npe/abstract]). Cov ntawv xov xwm ntxiv tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav manually hauv PubMed database thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lwm cov ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb. Tsis muaj kev txwv hnub tim tau siv, tab sis cov lim "Tus Neeg" tau siv.
Tag nrho cov npe thiab cov ntsiab lus luv luv uas tau txais los ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv (EBR thiab AL), tau tshuaj xyuas cov qauv suav nrog thiab tsis suav nrog, thiab txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tsis ua raws li txhua txoj cai tsim nyog raug tshem tawm. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tag nrho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb seem tau raug tshawb nrhiav thiab tshuaj xyuas los ntawm peb tus kws sau ntawv (EBR, EBE thiab AL). Thaum tsim nyog, kev tsis pom zoo hauv kev xaiv cov ntawv tau daws los ntawm tus neeg thib plaub (LT). Cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas ua tau raws li txhua txoj cai suav nrog tau suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no.
Kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav ywj siab los ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv (EBR thiab AL) nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thib peb (LT).
- Cov ntaub ntawv tsim qauv: thaj chaw ntawm lub cev, cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev, qauv pib rau kev luam ntawv 3D, txoj kev tau txais, kev faib ua feem thiab software ua qauv, hom tshuab luam ntawv 3D, hom khoom siv thiab ntau npaum li cas, qhov ntsuas luam ntawv, xim, tus nqi luam ntawv.
- Kev ntsuam xyuas morphological ntawm cov qauv: cov qauv siv rau kev sib piv, kev ntsuam xyuas kev kho mob ntawm cov kws tshaj lij / cov xib fwb, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ntsuam xyuas, hom kev ntsuam xyuas.
- Qauv qhia 3D: kev ntsuam xyuas kev paub ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, txoj kev ntsuam xyuas, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov pab pawg sib piv, kev xaiv cov tub ntxhais kawm, kev kawm/hom tub ntxhais kawm.
Muaj 418 txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas hauv MEDLINE, thiab 139 tsab xov xwm tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub lim "tib neeg". Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov npe thiab cov ntsiab lus luv luv, 103 txoj kev tshawb fawb tau raug xaiv rau kev nyeem ntawv tag nrho. 34 tsab xov xwm tau raug tshem tawm vim tias lawv yog cov qauv kab mob (9 tsab xov xwm), cov qauv kev cob qhia kho mob / phais (4 tsab xov xwm), cov qauv tsiaj (4 tsab xov xwm), cov qauv hluav taws xob 3D (1 tsab xov xwm) lossis tsis yog cov ntawv tshawb fawb thawj (16 tshooj). Tag nrho ntawm 68 tsab xov xwm tau suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas. Daim duab 1 qhia txog cov txheej txheem xaiv ua daim ntawv qhia ntws.
Daim ntawv qhia txog kev txheeb xyuas, kev tshuaj xyuas, thiab kev suav nrog cov ntawv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no
Tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm ntawm xyoo 2014 thiab 2022, nrog rau xyoo luam tawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 2019. Ntawm 68 tsab xov xwm suav nrog, 33 (49%) kev tshawb fawb yog piav qhia thiab sim, 17 (25%) yog kev sim xwb, thiab 18 (26%) yog kev sim. Piav qhia xwb. Ntawm 50 (73%) kev tshawb fawb sim, 21 (31%) siv kev xaiv random. Tsuas yog 34 kev tshawb fawb (50%) suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas lej. Rooj 1 sau luv luv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb.
33 tsab xov xwm (48%) tau tshuaj xyuas thaj tsam taub hau, 19 tsab xov xwm (28%) tau tshuaj xyuas thaj tsam hauv siab, 17 tsab xov xwm (25%) tau tshuaj xyuas thaj tsam plab thiab lub duav, thiab 15 tsab xov xwm (22%) tau tshuaj xyuas cov ceg. Tsib caug ib tsab xov xwm (75%) tau hais txog cov pob txha luam tawm 3D ua cov qauv anatomical lossis cov qauv anatomical ntau daim.
Hais txog cov qauv lossis cov ntaub ntawv siv los tsim 3DPAM, 23 tsab xov xwm (34%) tau hais txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus neeg mob, 20 tsab xov xwm (29%) tau hais txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tuag, thiab 17 tsab xov xwm (25%) tau hais txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia. Kev siv, thiab 7 txoj kev tshawb fawb (10%) tsis tau qhia qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv.
47 txoj kev tshawb fawb (69%) tau tsim 3DPAM raws li kev siv computer tomography, thiab 3 txoj kev tshawb fawb (4%) tau tshaj tawm txog kev siv microCT. 7 tsab xov xwm (10%) tau tso tawm cov khoom 3D siv cov khoom siv optical scanners, 4 tsab xov xwm (6%) siv MRI, thiab 1 tsab xov xwm (1%) siv cov koob yees duab thiab cov tshuab microscopes. 14 tsab xov xwm (21%) tsis tau hais txog qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim qauv 3D. Cov ntaub ntawv 3D tau tsim nrog qhov nruab nrab qhov kev daws teeb meem tsawg dua 0.5 hli. Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog 30 μm [80] thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem siab tshaj plaws yog 1.5 hli [32].
Muaj rau caum daim ntawv thov software sib txawv (kev faib ua ntu, kev ua qauv, kev tsim qauv lossis kev luam ntawv). Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) tau siv ntau tshaj plaws (14 txoj kev tshawb fawb, 21%), ua raws li MeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (13 txoj kev tshawb fawb, 19%), Geomagic (3D System, MO, NC, Leesville). (10 txoj kev tshawb fawb, 15%), 3D Slicer (Slicer Developer Training, Boston, MA) (9 txoj kev tshawb fawb, 13%), Blender (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (8 txoj kev tshawb fawb, 12%) thiab CURA (Geldemarsen, Netherlands) (7 txoj kev tshawb fawb, 10%).
Muaj rau caum xya hom tshuab luam ntawv sib txawv thiab tsib txoj kev luam ntawv tau hais txog. FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) thev naus laus zis tau siv rau hauv 26 yam khoom (38%), cov khoom siv blasting hauv 13 yam khoom (19%) thiab thaum kawg binder blasting (11 yam khoom, 16%). Cov thev naus laus zis tsawg tshaj plaws yog stereolithography (SLA) (5 yam khoom, 7%) thiab selective laser sintering (SLS) (4 yam khoom, 6%). Lub tshuab luam ntawv feem ntau siv (7 yam khoom, 10%) yog Connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
Thaum teev cov ntaub ntawv siv los ua 3DPAM (51 tsab xov xwm, 75%), 48 txoj kev tshawb fawb (71%) siv cov yas thiab lawv cov khoom siv. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb siv yog PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 13%) thiab ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (7 hom, 10%). 23 tsab xov xwm (34%) tau tshuaj xyuas 3DPAM ua los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv, 36 tsab xov xwm (53%) tau nthuav tawm 3DPAM ua los ntawm ib qho khoom siv xwb, thiab 9 tsab xov xwm (13%) tsis tau teev cov ntaub ntawv.
Nees nkaum cuaj tsab xov xwm (43%) tau tshaj tawm tias muaj qhov sib piv ntawm kev luam tawm txij li 0.25: 1 txog 2: 1, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1: 1. Nees nkaum tsib tsab xov xwm (37%) siv qhov sib piv 1: 1. 28 3DPAMs (41%) muaj ntau xim, thiab 9 (13%) tau zas xim tom qab luam tawm [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Peb caug plaub tsab xov xwm (50%) tau hais txog tus nqi. 9 tsab xov xwm (13%) tau hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv 3D thiab cov khoom siv raw. Cov tshuab luam ntawv muaj tus nqi txij li $ 302 txog $ 65,000. Thaum teev tseg, tus nqi qauv yog txij li $ 1.25 txog $ 2,800; cov qhov siab tshaj plaws no sib raug rau cov qauv pob txha [47] thiab cov qauv retroperitoneal siab [48]. Rooj 2 sau cov ntaub ntawv qauv rau txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb suav nrog.
Peb caug xya txoj kev tshawb fawb (54%) piv rau 3DAPM rau tus qauv siv ua piv txwv. Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, qhov sib piv feem ntau yog tus qauv siv ua piv txwv ntawm lub cev, siv rau hauv 14 tsab xov xwm (38%), cov tshuaj plastinated hauv 6 tsab xov xwm (16%), thiab cov tshuaj plastinated hauv 6 tsab xov xwm (16%). Kev siv virtual reality, kev siv computer los thaij duab ib qho 3DPAM hauv 5 tsab xov xwm (14%), lwm qhov 3DPAM hauv 3 tsab xov xwm (8%), kev ua si loj hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%), cov duab xoo hluav taws xob hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%), cov qauv lag luam hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%) thiab augmented reality hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%). Peb caug plaub (50%) txoj kev tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam 3DPAM. Kaum tsib (48%) txoj kev tshawb fawb txog cov kev paub ntawm cov neeg ntsuas (Rooj 3). 3DPAM tau ua los ntawm cov kws phais lossis cov kws kho mob uas tuaj koom hauv 7 txoj kev tshawb fawb (47%), cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv 6 txoj kev tshawb fawb (40%), cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv 3 txoj kev tshawb fawb (20%), cov xib fwb (tsis tau teev tseg kev qhuab qhia) hauv 3 txoj kev tshawb fawb (20%) rau kev ntsuam xyuas thiab ib tus neeg ntsuam xyuas ntxiv hauv tsab xov xwm (7%). Tus lej nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg ntsuam xyuas yog 14 (yam tsawg kawg nkaus 2, siab tshaj plaws 30). Peb caug peb txoj kev tshawb fawb (49%) tau ntsuam xyuas 3DPAM morphology zoo, thiab 10 txoj kev tshawb fawb (15%) tau ntsuam xyuas 3DPAM morphology ntau. Ntawm 33 txoj kev tshawb fawb uas siv kev ntsuam xyuas zoo, 16 siv kev ntsuam xyuas piav qhia xwb (48%), 9 siv kev xeem/kev ntsuas/kev soj ntsuam (27%), thiab 8 siv Likert scales (24%). Rooj 3 sau luv luv txog kev ntsuam xyuas morphological ntawm cov qauv hauv txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb suav nrog.
Peb caug peb (48%) tsab xov xwm tau tshuaj xyuas thiab piv qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev qhia 3DPAM rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, 23 (70%) tsab xov xwm tau ntsuas kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, 17 (51%) siv Likert nplai, thiab 6 (18%) siv lwm txoj kev. Nees nkaum ob tsab xov xwm (67%) tau ntsuas kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm kev xeem kev paub, uas 10 (30%) siv kev xeem ua ntej thiab / lossis kev xeem tom qab. Kaum ib txoj kev tshawb fawb (33%) siv ntau cov lus nug xaiv thiab kev xeem los ntsuas cov tub ntxhais kawm txoj kev paub, thiab tsib txoj kev tshawb fawb (15%) siv daim ntawv lo duab / kev txheeb xyuas lub cev. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 76 tus tub ntxhais kawm tau koom nrog hauv txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb (yam tsawg kawg nkaus 8, siab tshaj plaws 319). Nees nkaum plaub txoj kev tshawb fawb (72%) muaj ib pawg tswj hwm, uas 20 (60%) siv kev xaiv ua random. Qhov sib piv, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb (3%) tau muab cov qauv anatomical rau 10 tus tub ntxhais kawm sib txawv. Qhov nruab nrab, 2.6 pawg tau piv (yam tsawg kawg nkaus 2, siab tshaj plaws 10). Nees nkaum peb txoj kev tshawb fawb (70%) muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, uas 14 (42%) yog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob xyoo ib. Rau (18%) txoj kev tshawb fawb muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob hauv tsev kho mob, 4 (12%) cov tub ntxhais kawm kho hniav, thiab 3 (9%) cov tub ntxhais kawm txog kev tshawb fawb. Rau txoj kev tshawb fawb (18%) tau siv thiab soj ntsuam kev kawm ntawm tus kheej siv 3DPAM. Rooj 4 sau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas kev qhia ntawv zoo ntawm 3DPAM rau txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb uas suav nrog.
Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv 3DPAM ua ib qho cuab yeej qhia rau kev qhia txog tib neeg lub cev ib txwm muaj uas cov kws sau ntawv tau tshaj tawm yog cov yam ntxwv pom thiab kov tau, suav nrog qhov tseeb [55, 67], qhov tseeb [44, 50, 72, 85], thiab kev hloov pauv sib xws [34]. , 45, 48, 64], xim thiab pob tshab [28, 45], kev ntseeg tau [24, 56, 73], kev kawm zoo [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], tus nqi [27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], kev rov ua dua [80], qhov ua tau ntawm kev txhim kho lossis kev kho tus kheej [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67, 80], lub peev xwm los tswj cov tub ntxhais kawm [30, 49], txuag lub sijhawm qhia [61, 80], yooj yim ntawm kev khaws cia [61], lub peev xwm los koom ua ke cov qauv ua haujlwm lossis tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb [51, 53], 67], kev tsim qauv sai ntawm cov qauv pob txha [81], lub peev xwm los sib koom tes tsim thiab siv cov qauv tsev [49, 60, 71], kev txhim kho peev xwm tig lub hlwb [23] thiab kev khaws cia kev paub [32], nrog rau hauv tus xib fwb [25, 63] thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm [25, 63]. 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Cov kev tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim qauv: kev ruaj khov [80], kev sib xws [28, 62], tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus lossis pob tshab [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], xim ci dhau [45]. thiab qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm hauv pem teb [71]. Lwm yam kev tsis zoo suav nrog kev poob cov ntaub ntawv [30, 76], lub sijhawm ntev xav tau rau kev faib duab [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], lub sijhawm luam ntawv [57, 63, 66, 67], tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev [25], thiab tus nqi. Siab [48].
Daim kev tshuaj xyuas no tau sau ua ke 68 tsab xov xwm uas tau luam tawm ntau tshaj 9 xyoos thiab qhia txog lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb txoj kev txaus siab rau 3DPAM ua ib qho cuab yeej rau kev qhia txog tib neeg lub cev. Txhua thaj chaw ntawm lub cev tau raug kawm thiab luam tawm 3D. Ntawm cov ntawv no, 37 tsab xov xwm piv rau 3DPAM nrog lwm cov qauv, thiab 33 tsab xov xwm tau soj ntsuam qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia ntawm 3DPAM rau cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev luam ntawv 3D ntawm lub cev, peb tsis xav tias nws tsim nyog los ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas meta. Ib qho kev tshuaj xyuas meta luam tawm xyoo 2020 feem ntau tsom mus rau kev xeem kev paub txog lub cev tom qab kev cob qhia yam tsis tau tshuaj xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm 3DPAM [10].
Thaj chaw taub hau yog qhov kawm ntau tshaj plaws, tej zaum vim qhov nyuaj ntawm nws cov qauv ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los piav qhia thaj chaw anatomical no hauv qhov chaw peb-seem piv rau ceg lossis lub cev. CT yog qhov siv ntau tshaj plaws. Cov txheej txheem no siv dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov chaw kho mob, tab sis muaj qhov kev daws teeb meem tsawg thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mos mos. Cov kev txwv no ua rau CT scans tsis haum rau kev faib thiab qauv ntawm lub paj hlwb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, computed tomography zoo dua rau kev faib cov ntaub so ntswg pob txha / qauv; Qhov sib piv ntawm pob txha / cov ntaub so ntswg mos mos pab ua kom tiav cov kauj ruam no ua ntej luam ntawv 3D anatomical qauv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, microCT raug suav hais tias yog thev naus laus zis siv rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem hauv kev thaij duab pob txha [70]. Cov tshuab luam ntawv optical lossis MRI kuj tseem siv tau los tau txais cov duab. Qhov kev daws teeb meem siab dua tiv thaiv kev ua kom du ntawm cov pob txha thiab khaws cov subtlety ntawm cov qauv anatomical [59]. Kev xaiv ntawm tus qauv kuj cuam tshuam rau qhov kev daws teeb meem: piv txwv li, cov qauv plasticization muaj qhov kev daws teeb meem qis dua [45]. Cov neeg tsim qauv duab yuav tsum tsim cov qauv 3D tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau cov nqi nce ntxiv ($ 25 txog $ 150 ib teev) [43]. Kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv zoo .STL tsis txaus los tsim cov qauv anatomical zoo. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab cov kev luam ntawv, xws li kev taw qhia ntawm cov qauv anatomical ntawm lub phaj luam ntawv [29]. Qee tus kws sau ntawv hais tias cov thev naus laus zis luam ntawv siab heev xws li SLS yuav tsum tau siv txhua qhov chaw uas ua tau los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm 3DPAM [38]. Kev tsim cov 3DPAM xav tau kev pab tshaj lij; cov kws tshwj xeeb nrhiav tau tshaj plaws yog cov engineers [72], cov kws kho mob radiologists, [75], cov neeg tsim qauv duab [43] thiab cov kws kho anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
Kev faib ua pawg thiab cov software ua qauv yog cov yam tseem ceeb hauv kev tau txais cov qauv anatomical tseeb, tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov pob software no thiab lawv qhov nyuaj cuam tshuam lawv txoj kev siv. Ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau piv rau kev siv cov pob software sib txawv thiab cov thev naus laus zis luam ntawv, qhia txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua thev naus laus zis [68]. Ntxiv nrog rau cov software ua qauv, cov software luam ntawv sib xws nrog lub tshuab luam ntawv xaiv kuj tseem xav tau; qee tus kws sau ntawv nyiam siv online 3D luam ntawv [75]. Yog tias cov khoom 3D txaus raug luam tawm, qhov kev nqis peev tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev rov qab nyiaj txiag [72].
Yas yog cov khoom siv feem ntau siv. Nws cov ntau yam ntawm cov qauv thiab xim ua rau nws yog cov khoom siv xaiv rau 3DPAM. Qee tus kws sau ntawv tau qhuas nws lub zog siab piv rau cov qauv cadaveric lossis plated ib txwm muaj [24, 56, 73]. Qee cov yas txawm tias muaj cov khoom khoov lossis ncab. Piv txwv li, Filaflex nrog FDM thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem ncab txog li 700%. Qee tus kws sau ntawv xav tias nws yog cov khoom siv xaiv rau cov leeg, tendon thiab ligament replication [63]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsa cov lus nug txog kev taw qhia fiber thaum lub sijhawm luam ntawv. Qhov tseeb, kev taw qhia fiber ntau ntawm cov leeg, kev ntxig, kev kho mob, thiab kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua qauv nqaij [33].
Qhov xav tsis thoob yog tias muaj ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb hais txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev luam ntawv. Vim tias ntau tus neeg xav tias qhov piv 1: 1 yog tus qauv, tus sau yuav xaiv tsis hais txog nws. Txawm hais tias kev nce qib yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm hauv cov pab pawg loj, qhov ua tau ntawm kev nce qib tseem tsis tau tshawb nrhiav zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov chav kawm loj hlob thiab qhov loj ntawm lub cev ntawm tus qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tau kawg, cov nplai loj tag nrho ua rau nws yooj yim dua los nrhiav thiab sib txuas lus ntau yam khoom ntawm lub cev rau tus neeg mob, uas tej zaum yuav piav qhia vim li cas lawv thiaj li siv ntau zaus.
Ntawm ntau lub tshuab luam ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, cov uas siv PolyJet (khoom siv inkjet lossis binder inkjet) thev naus laus zis los muab cov xim siab thiab ntau yam khoom siv (thiab yog li ntawd ntau yam qauv) luam ntawv tus nqi ntawm US $ 20,000 thiab US $ 250,000 (https://www.aniwaa.com/). Tus nqi siab no yuav txwv tsis pub txhawb nqa 3DPAM hauv tsev kawm ntawv kho mob. Ntxiv nrog rau tus nqi ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv, tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev luam ntawv inkjet siab dua li rau SLA lossis FDM tshuab luam ntawv [68]. Tus nqi rau SLA lossis FDM tshuab luam ntawv kuj pheej yig dua, xws li € 576 txog € 4,999 hauv cov ntawv teev npe hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Raws li Tripodi thiab cov npoj yaig, txhua qhov pob txha tuaj yeem luam tawm rau US $ 1.25 [47]. Kaum ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias 3D luam ntawv pheej yig dua li cov yas lossis cov qauv lag luam [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83]. Ntxiv mus, cov qauv lag luam no tau tsim los muab cov ntaub ntawv rau tus neeg mob yam tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus txaus rau kev qhia txog lub cev [80]. Cov qauv lag luam no suav tias qis dua 3DPAM [44]. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias, ntxiv rau cov thev naus laus zis luam ntawv siv, tus nqi kawg yog sib npaug rau qhov ntsuas thiab yog li ntawd qhov loj kawg ntawm 3DPAM [48]. Vim li no, qhov ntsuas loj tag nrho yog qhov nyiam dua [37].
Tsuas yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb piv rau 3DPAM nrog cov qauv anatomical muaj nyob hauv khw [72]. Cov qauv cadaveric yog cov piv txwv siv ntau tshaj plaws rau 3DPAM. Txawm hais tias lawv muaj kev txwv, cov qauv cadaveric tseem yog ib qho cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev qhia anatomy. Yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kuaj lub cev, kev txiav thiab pob txha qhuav. Raws li kev xeem kev cob qhia, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias 3DPAM muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li kev txiav plastinated [16, 27]. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb piv rau ib teev ntawm kev cob qhia siv 3DPAM (qhov qis dua) nrog ib teev ntawm kev txiav ntawm tib thaj chaw anatomical [78]. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob txoj kev qhia. Nws zoo li muaj kev tshawb fawb me ntsis txog qhov no vim tias kev sib piv zoo li no nyuaj rau ua. Kev txiav yog kev npaj siv sijhawm ntau rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Qee zaum yuav tsum muaj ntau teev ntawm kev npaj, nyob ntawm seb dab tsi tau npaj. Kev sib piv thib peb tuaj yeem ua nrog pob txha qhuav. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Tsai thiab Smith pom tias cov qhab nia xeem tau zoo dua hauv pawg siv 3DPAM [51, 63]. Chen thiab cov npoj yaig tau sau tseg tias cov tub ntxhais kawm siv cov qauv 3D ua tau zoo dua ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv (pob txha taub hau), tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv hauv cov qhab nia MCQ [69]. Thaum kawg, Tanner thiab cov npoj yaig tau ua pov thawj cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua tom qab kev xeem hauv pawg no siv 3DPAM ntawm pterygopalatine fossa [46]. Lwm cov cuab yeej qhia tshiab tau txheeb xyuas hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no. Qhov feem ntau ntawm lawv yog augmented reality, virtual reality thiab kev ua si loj [43]. Raws li Mahrous thiab cov npoj yaig, kev nyiam rau cov qauv anatomical nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov sijhawm uas cov tub ntxhais kawm ua si video games [31]. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej qhia anatomy tshiab yog haptic feedback, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov cuab yeej virtual xwb [48].
Feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam 3DPAM tshiab tau siv cov kev xeem ua ntej ntawm kev paub. Cov kev xeem ua ntej no pab kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxub ntxaug hauv kev ntsuam xyuas. Qee tus kws sau ntawv, ua ntej ua cov kev tshawb fawb sim, tsis suav nrog txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm uas tau qhab nia siab dua qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev xeem ua ntej [40]. Ntawm cov kev ntxub ntxaug uas Garas thiab cov npoj yaig tau hais yog xim ntawm tus qauv thiab kev xaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb hauv chav kawm tub ntxhais kawm [61]. Kev pleev xim pab txhawb kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv anatomical. Chen thiab cov npoj yaig tau tsim cov xwm txheej kev sim nruj heev uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv pib ntawm cov pab pawg thiab kev tshawb fawb tau dig muag mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws [69]. Lim thiab cov npoj yaig pom zoo tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tom qab kev xeem yuav tsum ua tiav los ntawm tus neeg thib peb kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxub ntxaug hauv kev ntsuam xyuas [16]. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv Likert nplai los ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm 3DPAM. Cov cuab yeej no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ntsuas kev txaus siab, tab sis tseem muaj cov kev ntxub ntxaug tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum paub txog [86].
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm ntawm 3DPAM tau raug soj ntsuam feem ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, suav nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob xyoo thawj zaug, hauv 14 ntawm 33 txoj kev tshawb fawb. Hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb sim, Wilk thiab cov npoj yaig tau tshaj tawm tias cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob ntseeg tias kev luam ntawv 3D yuav tsum suav nrog hauv lawv txoj kev kawm txog lub cev [87]. 87% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau soj ntsuam hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb Cercenelli ntseeg tias xyoo thib ob ntawm kev kawm yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws los siv 3DPAM [84]. Tanner thiab cov npoj yaig cov txiaj ntsig kuj qhia tau tias cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tau zoo dua yog tias lawv tsis tau kawm txog thaj chaw ntawd [46]. Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tias xyoo thawj zaug ntawm tsev kawm ntawv kho mob yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws los koom nrog 3DPAM rau hauv kev qhia txog lub cev. Ye's meta-analysis txhawb nqa lub tswv yim no [18]. Thoob plaws 27 tsab xov xwm suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tau zoo ntawm 3DPAM piv rau cov qauv ib txwm muaj hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, tab sis tsis yog hauv cov neeg nyob hauv.
3DPAM ua ib qho cuab yeej kawm txhim kho kev ua tiav hauv kev kawm [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], kev khaws cia kev paub mus sij hawm ntev [32], thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63, 66]. , 69, 84]. Cov kws tshaj lij kuj pom tias cov qauv no muaj txiaj ntsig [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], thiab ob txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov xib fwb txaus siab rau 3DPAM [25, 63]. Ntawm txhua qhov chaw, Backhouse thiab cov npoj yaig xav tias 3D luam ntawv yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov qauv anatomical ib txwm muaj [49]. Hauv lawv thawj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas meta, Ye thiab cov npoj yaig tau lees paub tias cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau txais 3DPAM cov lus qhia muaj cov qhab nia tom qab xeem zoo dua li cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau txais 2D lossis cov lus qhia cadaver [10]. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau sib txawv 3DPAM tsis yog los ntawm qhov nyuaj, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm lub plawv, lub paj hlwb, thiab lub plab. Hauv xya txoj kev tshawb fawb, 3DPAM tsis tau ua tau zoo dua lwm cov qauv raws li kev xeem kev paub uas tau muab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84]. Hauv lawv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas meta, Salazar thiab cov npoj yaig tau xaus lus tias kev siv 3DPAM tshwj xeeb txhim kho kev nkag siab txog cov qauv nyuaj [17]. Lub tswv yim no yog sib xws nrog Hitas tsab ntawv rau tus editor [88]. Qee qhov chaw anatomical suav tias tsis nyuaj tsis tas yuav siv 3DPAM, thaum cov chaw anatomical nyuaj dua (xws li lub caj dab lossis lub paj hlwb) yuav yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau 3DPAM. Lub tswv yim no yuav piav qhia vim li cas qee qhov 3DPAMs tsis raug suav hais tias zoo dua li cov qauv ib txwm muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj kev paub hauv thaj chaw uas pom tias kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv zoo dua. Yog li, kev nthuav qhia tus qauv yooj yim rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas twb muaj qee qhov kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus (cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob lossis cov neeg nyob hauv) tsis pab tau rau kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm uas tau teev tseg, 11 txoj kev tshawb fawb tau hais txog qhov zoo ntawm kev pom lossis kov ntawm cov qauv [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], thiab 3 txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txhim kho lub zog thiab kev ruaj khov (33, 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86). Lwm qhov zoo yog tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem tswj cov qauv, cov xib fwb tuaj yeem txuag lub sijhawm, lawv yooj yim dua los khaws cia dua li cov neeg tuag, qhov project tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv 24 teev, nws tuaj yeem siv ua cuab yeej kawm hauv tsev, thiab nws tuaj yeem siv los qhia ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Cov pab pawg [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Kev luam ntawv 3D rov ua dua rau kev qhia txog lub cev ntau ua rau cov qauv luam ntawv 3D pheej yig dua [26]. Kev siv 3DPAM tuaj yeem txhim kho lub peev xwm tig ntawm lub hlwb [23] thiab txhim kho kev txhais lus ntawm cov duab hla-seem [23, 32]. Ob txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias cov tub ntxhais kawm uas raug rau 3DPAM feem ntau yuav raug phais [40, 74]. Cov khoom sib txuas hlau tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv los tsim cov kev txav uas xav tau los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev [51, 53], lossis cov qauv tuaj yeem luam tawm siv cov qauv tsim [67].
Kev luam ntawv 3D tso cai rau kev tsim cov qauv anatomical hloov kho tau los ntawm kev txhim kho qee yam thaum lub sijhawm ua qauv, [48, 80] tsim lub hauv paus tsim nyog, [59] sib xyaw ntau tus qauv, [36] siv pob tshab, (49) xim, [45] lossis ua rau qee cov qauv sab hauv pom [30]. Tripodi thiab cov npoj yaig siv cov av nplaum sculpting los ua kom tiav lawv cov qauv pob txha luam tawm 3D, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv sib koom ua ke ua cov cuab yeej qhia [47]. Hauv 9 txoj kev tshawb fawb, xim tau siv tom qab luam ntawv [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], tab sis cov tub ntxhais kawm tau siv nws tsuas yog ib zaug xwb [49]. Hmoov tsis zoo, txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis tau ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm kev cob qhia qauv lossis qhov kev cob qhia. Qhov no yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm txog anatomy, vim tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm sib xyaw thiab kev tsim ua ke tau tsim zoo [89]. Txhawm rau daws qhov kev ua ub no tshaj tawm uas loj hlob tuaj, kev kawm tus kheej tau siv ntau zaus los ntsuam xyuas cov qauv [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb xaus lus tias cov xim ntawm cov khoom siv yas ci dhau lawm [45], lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb xaus lus tias tus qauv tsis khov kho dhau lawm [71], thiab ob txoj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv qhia tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev hauv kev tsim cov qauv ib tus zuj zus [25, 45]. . Xya txoj kev tshawb fawb xaus lus tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev ntawm 3DPAM tsis txaus [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov qauv anatomical ntawm cov cheeb tsam loj thiab nyuaj, xws li thaj tsam retroperitoneum lossis lub caj dab, lub sijhawm faib thiab qauv yog suav tias ntev heev thiab tus nqi siab heev (kwv yees li US $ 2000) [27, 48]. Hojo thiab cov npoj yaig tau tshaj tawm hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tias kev tsim cov qauv anatomical ntawm lub plab mog siv sijhawm 40 teev [42]. Lub sijhawm faib ntev tshaj plaws yog 380 teev hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Weatherall thiab cov npoj yaig, uas ntau tus qauv tau muab tso ua ke los tsim cov qauv ua pa rau menyuam yaus tiav [36]. Hauv cuaj txoj kev tshawb fawb, lub sijhawm faib thiab luam ntawv tau suav tias yog qhov tsis zoo [36, 42, 57, 58, 74]. Txawm li cas los xij, 12 txoj kev tshawb fawb tau thuam cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm lawv cov qauv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv qhov sib xws, [28, 62] tsis muaj pob tshab, [30] tsis muaj zog thiab monochromaticity, [71] tsis muaj cov ntaub so ntswg mos, [66] lossis tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus [28, 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Cov kev tsis zoo no tuaj yeem kov yeej los ntawm kev nce lub sijhawm faib lossis simulation. Kev poob thiab rov qab tau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog qhov teeb meem uas peb pab neeg ntsib [30, 74, 77]. Raws li cov lus ceeb toom ntawm cov neeg mob, cov tshuaj iodine tsis tau muab qhov pom kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlab ntsha vim muaj kev txwv ntawm cov koob tshuaj [74]. Kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm tus qauv cadaveric zoo li yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws uas txav deb ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tsawg li tsawg tau" thiab cov kev txwv ntawm cov koob tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj sib piv txhaj tshuaj.
Tu siab kawg li, ntau tsab xov xwm tsis hais txog qee yam tseem ceeb ntawm 3DPAM. Tsawg dua ib nrab ntawm cov tsab xov xwm tau hais meej meej seb lawv cov 3DPAM puas tau pleev xim. Kev npog ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm kev luam ntawv tsis sib xws (43% ntawm cov tsab xov xwm), thiab tsuas yog 34% hais txog kev siv ntau yam xov xwm. Cov kev ntsuas luam ntawv no tseem ceeb heev vim tias lawv cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv kev kawm ntawm 3DPAM. Feem ntau cov tsab xov xwm tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus txog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tau txais 3DPAM (lub sijhawm tsim qauv, kev tsim nyog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov nqi software, cov nqi luam ntawv, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem ceeb heev thiab yuav tsum tau xav txog ua ntej xav txog kev pib ua haujlwm los tsim 3DPAM tshiab.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia tau hais tias kev tsim thiab luam tawm 3D cov qauv anatomical ib txwm muaj peev xwm ua tau ntawm tus nqi qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv FDM lossis SLA lub tshuab luam ntawv thiab cov khoom siv yas pheej yig ib xim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv yooj yim no tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv xim lossis ntxiv cov qauv tsim hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv. Cov qauv tiag tiag ntau dua (luam tawm siv ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xim sib txawv thiab cov qauv kom rov ua dua cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus qauv siv cadaver) xav tau cov thev naus laus zis luam tawm 3D kim dua thiab lub sijhawm tsim qauv ntev dua. Qhov no yuav ua rau tus nqi tag nrho nce ntxiv. Txawm hais tias xaiv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv twg los xij, kev xaiv txoj kev thaij duab tsim nyog yog qhov tseem ceeb rau 3DPAM txoj kev vam meej. Qhov siab dua qhov kev daws teeb meem chaw, qhov tseeb dua tus qauv thiab tuaj yeem siv rau kev tshawb fawb siab heev. Los ntawm qhov kev pom ntawm kev qhia, 3DPAM yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo rau kev qhia anatomy, raws li pov thawj los ntawm kev xeem kev paub uas tau muab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab lawv qhov kev txaus siab. Cov txiaj ntsig kev qhia ntawm 3DPAM zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws rov ua dua cov cheeb tsam anatomical nyuaj thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws thaum ntxov hauv lawv txoj kev cob qhia kho mob.
Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm thiab/lossis tshuaj xyuas hauv kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tsis muaj rau pej xeem vim muaj teeb meem lus tab sis muaj los ntawm tus sau ntawv sib xws thaum thov.
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Ghosh SK Kev phais lub cev tuag ua ib qho cuab yeej kawm rau kev tshawb fawb txog lub cev hauv xyoo pua 21st: Kev phais ua ib qho cuab yeej kawm. Kev tshuaj xyuas kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb. 2017; 10 (3): 286–99.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Kaum Ib Hlis-01-2023