Kev lig kev cai, tus kws qhia ntawv tau qhia kev kuaj lub cev (PE) rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiav (cov neeg kawm ntawv), txawm tias muaj kev sib tw thiab cov nqi, nrog rau cov kev sib tw nrog cov txuj ci sib tw.
Peb qhia tus qauv uas siv cov pab pawg ua qauv ntawm tus neeg mob kis las (MS4S) thiab thib ob xyoos kev sib koom ua ke thiab pab pawg.
Cov ntawv tshawb fawb ua haujlwm ua ntej, MS4 thiab SPI cov tub ntxhais kawm tau qhia cov kev xav zoo rau lawv tus kws tshaj lij ua kev qhia. Pre-ແ pre້dy cov tub ntxhais kawm cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov kev txawj kuaj mob caij ntuj sov tau sib npaug lossis zoo dua li lawv cov kev ua ntej cov phooj ywg.
Pab pawg SPI-MS4 tuaj yeem ua tiav qhia cov neeg kawm ntawv tshiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov mechanics thiab kev kuaj mob ntawm kev kuaj mob novice.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob tshiab (cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm ua ntej) Kawm hoob kawm lub cev (PE) thaum pib kawm ntawv kho mob. Kev ua cov tub ntxhais kawm lub cev rau cov tub ntxhais kawm lub cev. Kev lig kev cai, kev siv cov kws qhia ntawv tseem muaj qhov tsis zoo, uas yog: 1) lawv kim; 3) Lawv yog qhov nyuaj los nrhiav; 4) Lawv nyuaj rau kev ua qauv; 5) nuances yuav tshwm sim; Tsis pom tseeb thiab pom tseeb yuam kev [1, 2] 6) tej zaum yuav tsis paub tias kev kawm txog kev kawm lub cev muaj peev xwm tsis muaj peev xwm [4];
Kev kawm tawm qoj ib ce muaj kev vam meej tau siv siv tau siv cov neeg mob [5], cov tub kawm ntawv qib siab lossis nyob hauv 6, 7], thiab muaj cov neeg [8] raws li cov kws qhia. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias txhua tus qauv no muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm kev ua tau zoo tsis tau txais kev cais ntawm tus xibfwb [5, 7]. Txawm li cas los xij, pw cov kws qhia ntawv tsis muaj kev paub hauv cov chaw kuaj mob [9], uas yog cov ntaub ntawv siv tau los siv cov hom phiaj kev ua kis las los ntsuas kev kuaj mob. Txhawm rau daws qhov kev xav tau rau cov qauv txheej txheem thiab cov chaw kuaj mob hauv kev kawm siv lub cev, ib pawg xib fwb tau ntxiv kev saib xyuas kev xav rau lawv txoj kev qhia [10]. Ntawm George Washington University (GWU) Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv, peb tab tom daws cov kev xav tau ntawm tus neeg tus neeg mob lub sijhawm kawm (SPIS) thiab Cov Tub Kawm Ntawv Kho Mob (MS4s). (Daim duab 1) SPI yog Paired nrog MS4 los qhia PE rau cov neeg kawm. SPI muab kev txawj ntse hauv cov mechanics ntawm MS4 kev kuaj xyuas hauv cov ntsiab lus kuaj mob. Cov qauv no siv kev kawm sib koom tes, uas yog lub cuab yeej muaj zog [11]. Vim tias SP yog siv nyob rau hauv txhua lub tsev kho mob uas muaj mob rau peb thiab ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv kho mob muaj peev xwm rau cov ntawv thov dav. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog los piav txog cov qauv SPI-MS4 tus qauv kev ua si sib tw (daim duab 1).
Cov lus qhia luv luv ntawm MS4-spi sib koom tes qauv kawm. MS4: Lub thib plaub xyoo kho mob cov tub ntxhais kawm spi: Tus kws qhia tus neeg mob tus kws qhia ntawv txhais tau tias;
Kev kuaj mob lub cev uas yuav tsum muaj (PDX) ntawm GWU yog ib feem ntawm kev kawm paub txog kev ua haujlwm hauv chaw kuaj mob ua ntej. Lwm cov Cheebtsam: 1) kev sib koom ua ke hauv chaw kho mob raws li lub xeev PBL "; 2) Tham tham; 3) Cov kev ua yeeb yam OSCE; 4) Kev cob qhia kev tshawb fawb (daim ntawv thov ntawm cov kws kho mob los ntawm cov kws kho mob); 5) Kev qhia ua haujlwm rau kev txhim kho txuj ci; PDX ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv pawg ntawm 4-5 tus kws qhia ua haujlwm ntawm tib pab SPI-MS4, sib ntsib hauv 6 lub xyoo rau 3 teev txhua. Chav kawm loj yog kwv yees li ntawm 180 cov tub ntxhais kawm, txhua xyoo ntawm 60 thiab 90 MS4 cov tub ntxhais kawm raug xaiv los ua cov kws qhia ntawv rau cov chav kawm PDX.
MS4s tau txais kev cob qhia qhia los ntawm peb cov lus sib tham (kev qhia) cov ntsiab lus kawm paub Spis yauv muaj kev kawm ntev ntev tsim los ntawm peb chav kawm simulation Center pab tus Thawj Coj (Jo). Cov cov lus qhia txog tus xib hwb tsim kev tsim muaj xws li cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev kawm laus, kev kawm thiab kev mob siab. Kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb, kev kawm spi thiab cov qauv tshwm sim hauv ntau yam theem, pib thaum caij ntuj sov thiab txuas ntxiv thoob plaws xyoo kawm ntawv. Cov lus qhia suav nrog kev qhia li cas, sib txuas lus thiab tsim cov chav kawm; Yuav ua li cas ntawm zaj lus qhia phim rau hauv chav tsev; Yuav ua li cas muab cov lus taw qhia; Yuav ua li cas coj lub cev ce thiab qhia lawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Txhawm rau ntsuas kev sib tw rau qhov kev pab cuam, SPIS yuav tsum hla kev tso xeem ntawv los ntawm SP Kws qhia ntawv.
MS4 thiab SPI kuj tau koom nrog pawg ob-teev ua ke los piav qhia txog lawv txoj haujlwm kev npaj thiab ntsuas cov qauv kev kawm thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov tub ntxhais kawm nkag mus rau kev qhia ua ntej kev pabcuam. Cov qauv theem pib ntawm lub rhiav yog tus qauv Grpi (cov hom phiaj, cov hom phiaj, cov txheej txheem thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia ua ke cov ntsiab lus (ntxiv) [15, 16]. Ua haujlwm ua ke raws li cov xib fwb cov xibfwb yog sib xws nrog kev kawm ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev kawm yog tsim hauv kev sib pauv ntawm cov tswv cuab [17].
Cov txheej txheem PDX yog cov txheej txheem ib puag ncig cov tub ntxhais thiab pawg (C + c) Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav xub thawj kawm thawj feem ntawm C + C, ib qho 40-nug lub cev muaj zog kuaj cov kab mob loj. Kev kuaj mob hauv qab yog qhov yooj yim thiab kev kuaj lub cev uas tsis tshua muaj kev soj ntsuam ntau dua li kev tshuaj ntsuam dav dav. Cov kev xeem tseem ceeb rau npaj cov tub ntxhais kawm kom paub txog kev paub txog kev kho mob thiab tau txais los ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav txav mus rau qhov thib ob ntawm C + C, cov pawg kuaj mob, uas yog ib pab pawg ntawm kev xav tau tsim los tsim cov kev tshawb fawb kev paub. Mob hauv siab yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kev kho mob manifestation (cov lus 1). Cov pawg ua haujlwm rho tawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb los ntawm thawj qhov kev kuaj mob (piv txwv li, kev mloog cov kev kuaj mob ntawm kev kuaj mob lub siab rau hauv cov chaw ua kom tiav. C + C raug qhia dhau 18 lub hlis thiab cov ntaub ntawv kawm txuas ntxiv, thaum npaj txhij, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua haujlwm, thaum npaj ua ntej lub cev muaj zog sawv cev ib qho chaw kuaj mob nruab nrab. Tus tub ntxhais kawm paub (xws li mob hauv siab thiab ua tsis taus pa ntawm kev ua tsis taus pa thaum lub sij hawm thaiv) (rooj 2).
Hauv kev npaj rau chav kawm PDX, cov tub ntxhais kawm ua ntej kawm paub cov txheej txheem PDX, cov phau ntawv kuaj mob, thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm lub cev. Lub sijhawm tag nrho yuav tsum muaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los npaj rau chav kawm yog kwv yees li 60-90 feeb. Nws suav nrog kev nyeem cov pob ntawv pawg (12 nplooj ntawv), nyeem cov nqe lus Bates (~ 20 nplooj ntawv), thiab saib daim vis dis aus (2-6 feeb) [19]. MS4-SPI pab pawg sib ntsib nyob rau hauv ib txwm siv cov qauv teev hauv phau ntawv (rooj 1). Lawv thawj zaug xeem (feem ntau yog 5-7 cov lus nug) ntawm kev sib kho ua ntej (piv txwv li, yog dab tsi yog kev kuaj mob ntawm S3? Dab tsi yog kev kuaj mob ntawm cov neeg mob uas muaj kev ua pa luv?). Lawv mam li tshuaj xyuas cov kev cai kuaj mob thiab qhia meej txog kev ua xyem xyav ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nkag mus ua ntej kev kawm ua ntej. Qhov seem ntawm chav kawm yog kev tawm dag zog zaum kawg. Ua ntej, cov tub ntxhais kawm npaj rau kev xyaum ua kev tawm dag zog rau ib leeg thiab ntawm SPI thiab muab cov lus taw qhia rau pab pawg. Thaum kawg, SPI tau nthuav qhia lawv nrog rau kev kawm txog "OSCE." Cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm hauv cov khub los nyeem zaj dab neeg thiab ua rau cov lus cog tseg txog cov kev sib ntxub ntxaug kev sib deev ua rau SPI. Tom qab ntawd, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev sim ua physics ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ua ntej tso rau hauv kev xav thiab tshaj tawm cov kev kuaj mob feem ntau. Tom qab chav kawm, cov pab SPI-MS4 tau soj ntsuam txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm thiab tom qab ntawd kev ntsuas tus kheej thiab cov chaw qhia txog kev txhim kho rau kev cob qhia tom ntej (rooj 1). Cov lus taw qhia yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev kawm. SPI thiab MS4 muab cov lus qhia-ya los-ya los ntawm txhua ntu: 1) thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm ua kom zoo rau kev siv tshuab thiab MS4 tsom rau kev soj ntsuam kev xav; SPI thiab MS4 kuj tau sau cov lus qhia kev sib tham txog qhov kawg ntawm txhua lub semester. Cov lus qhia tawm no tau nkag mus rau hauv online kho mob rubric thaum kawg ntawm txhua semester thiab cuam tshuam rau qib kawg.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm npaj rau kev xyaum ua haujlwm tau qhia lawv cov kev xav ntawm kev paub hauv kev soj ntsuam los ntawm George Washington University Department of Secording thiab kev tshawb fawb kev kawm. Cuaj caum-xya feem pua ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm raug pom zoo lossis pom zoo tias kev kuaj mob kuaj mob yog muaj txiaj ntsig thiab suav nrog cov lus piav qhia:
"Kuv ntseeg tias kev kuaj mob lub cev yog qhov kev kawm kho mob tshaj plaws; Piv txwv li, thaum koj qhia los ntawm qhov kev pom ntawm plaub xyoos thiab tus neeg mob, cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov ua tau hauv chav kawm.
"Spi muab cov lus qhia zoo tshaj plaws rau cov tswv yim zoo los ua cov txheej txheem ua yeeb yam thiab muab cov lus qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsis xis nyob rau cov neeg mob."
"SPI thiab MS4 ua haujlwm tau zoo ua ke thiab muab lub tswvyim tshiab rau kev qhia uas tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig. MS4 muab kev pom rau cov hom phiaj ntawm kev qhia hauv kev xyaum saib xyuas.
"Kuv xav kom peb ntsib ntau dua. Qhov no yog qhov kuv nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm kev xyaum kho mob thiab kuv xav tias nws tau xaus sai heev. "
Ntawm cov teb, 100% ntawm SPI (n = 16 [100%]) thiab MS4 (n = 44 [77%])) hais tias lawv cov kev paub ua PDX xibfwb yog qhov zoo; 91% thiab 93%, feem, ntawm SPIS thiab MS4s tau hais tias lawv tau dhau los ua PDX tus kws qhia; Kev paub zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua ke.
Peb txoj kev tshuaj xyuas kev tsim nyog ntawm MS4 cov kev xav ntawm yam lawv muaj nuj nqis rau cov kws qhia ntawv tau kawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv qab no: 1) Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau ua raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv hauv qab no: 1) Cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm hauv qab no thiab tsim kom muaj chaw kawm zoo. 2) Npaj Qhia: Npaj cov lus thov tsim nyog, kev xav cov lus nug, thiab sib koom tes los nrhiav cov lus teb; 3) ua qauv tshaj lij; 4) Tshaj dhau qhov kev cia siab: Tuaj txog thaum ntxov thiab tawm mus lig; 5) Cov lus teb: ua ntej ua raws sijhawm, muaj nuj nqis, txhawb nqa cov lus teb; Muab cov kws tshawb fawb nrog cov lus qhia ntawm kev kawm cov cwj pwm, yuav ua li cas zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom tiav cov kev qhia ntawm lub cev, thiab cov lus qhia tswv yim.
Foundation cov tub ntxhais kawm koom nrog peb qhov kev xeem OSCE kawg ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm peb txoj haujlwm, peb piv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm ntawm OSCE ua ntej thiab tom qab pib cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv xyoo 2010. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm xyoo 2010 kev hloov pauv, peb muab cov ntsuas osce lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav rau kev tawm dag zog rau lub cev rau xyoo 2007-2009 nrog cov ntsuas rau xyoo 2011-2014. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm koom nrog hauv OSCE tau los ntawm 170 txog 185 ib xyoos: 532 cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv pab pawg ua ntej thiab 714 tus tub ntxhais kawm hauv pab pawg.
Cov qhab nia OSce los ntawm xyoo 2007-2009 thiab 2011-2014 lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav caij nplooj ntoos hlav tau xaus, qhov hnyav los ntawm cov qauv ntsuas txhua xyoo. Siv 2 qhov qauv los piv cov GPAt ntawm GPA ntawm txhua xyoo ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los nrog cov GPA ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab uas siv T-Test. Lub GW IR tsis tau zam txoj kev kawm no thiab tau txais tub ntxhais kawm kev tso cai los qhia npe tsis qhia npe lawv cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm rau kev kawm.
Lub ntsiab lus txhais cov qhab nia ntawm lub cev muaj ntau ntxiv los ntawm 83.4 (n = 714) Tom qab qhov kev pab cuam = 6, 5; 95% CI: 5.6 rau 7.4; p <0.0001) (rooj 3). Txawm li cas los xij, txij li kev hloov pauv ntawm kev qhia rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis yog kev hloov pauv nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm, sib txawv ntawm cov qhab nia OSCE tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia meej.
Pab pawg SPI-MS4 tus qauv qhia qauv yog txoj kev paub tshiab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob los npaj lawv rau kev kuaj mob thaum ntxov. Qhov no muab tau kev xaiv zoo los ntawm kev tso cai rau cov kev thaiv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus xibfwb. Nws tseem muab tau nyiaj ntxiv rau pab neeg qhia ntawv thiab lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm ua ntej xyaum ua ntej: lawv txhua tus tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev kawm ua ke. Cov txiaj ntsig suav nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm ua ntej kev xyaum ua ntej kev sib txawv thiab cov qauv rau kev sib koom ua ke [23]. Qhov kev xav lwm txoj kev sib koom ua ke tsim ib qho kev sib koom ua ke hauv tsev kawm ntawv [10] nyob rau hauv uas cov tub ntxhais kawm no tau txais kev paub ntawm lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev: 1) hluavtaws pretthetic - kev kuaj mob hauv tsev. MS4s kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sib koom tes, npaj lawv ua haujlwm yav tom ntej nrog cov kws kho mob hauv kev noj qab haus huv.
Peb tus qauv kuj tseem muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev kawm phooj ywg [24]. Ua ntej xyaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg, ib qho kev nyab xeeb kev kawm nyab xeeb, thiab "ob qho kev kawm" -fom lawv tus kheej kev kawm thawj zaug thiab lwm tus; Lawv kuj qhia lawv cov phooj ywg ua haujlwm los ntawm cov phooj ywg thiab ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov xibfwb txheej txheem los txhim kho thiab txhim kho lawv cov kev qhia thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv qhov kev qhia npaj lawv yuav dhau los ua cov kws qhia ntawv zoo los ntawm kev qhia cov qauv pov thawj.
Cov lus qhia tau kawm thaum siv cov qauv no. Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog kev nyuaj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm MS4 thiab SPI, raws li qee tus dyads tsis muaj kev nkag siab meej txog kev ua haujlwm ua ke. Lub luag haujlwm meej, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab cov pab pawg sib koom ua ke ua rau cov teeb meem no. Thib ob, kev cob qhia ntxaws yuav tsum muab rau pab pawg ua haujlwm zoo. Thaum ob lub cim qhia yuav tsum raug cob qhia los qhia, SPI kuj yuav tsum tau cob qhia yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua qhov kev xeem ntawv uas MS4 tau ua tiav lawm. Thib peb, kev npaj ua ntej yuav tsum haum MS4 lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab xyuas kom tag nrho pawg neeg tam sim no yog tam sim no rau txhua tus txheeb xyuas lub cev. Plaub, cov kev kawm tshiab yuav tsum ntsib qee qhov kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab kev tswj hwm, nrog kev sib cav muaj zog nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov nqi-ua hauj lwm zoo;
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, SPI-MS4 tus qauv kuaj mob no sawv cev los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kev txhim kho kom ua tiav cov kws kho mob kom ua tib zoo cob qhia cov neeg no. Txij li yuav luag txhua lub tsev kho mob hauv Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab ntau lub tsev kho mob kho mob, cov qauv kev kho mob muaj peev xwm rau cov ntawv thov dav.
Cov dataset rau qhov kev kawm no muaj los ntawm Dr. Benjamin PLATT, tus thawj coj ntawm GWU chaw tshawb nrhiav chaw. Tag nrho peb cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav tawm hauv kev kawm.
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Lub Sijhawm Post: Tsib Hlis-11-2024