Rui Diogo tsis ua haujlwm rau, muaj kev koom nrog, lossis tau txais nyiaj los ntawm ib lub tuam txhab lossis lub koom haum uas yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm tsab xov xwm no, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi los nthuav tawm lwm yam tshaj li nws txoj haujlwm kev kawm. Lwm yam kev cuam tshuam.
Kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg thiab kev sib deev muaj kev vam meej txij thaum kaj ntug ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, thaum tib neeg pib nyob hauv ib qho chaw ntev ntev. Cov kws tshawb fawb sab hnub poob thaum ntxov, zoo li Aristotle nyob rau hauv ancient Greece, tau indoctrinated los ntawm ethnocentrism thiab misogyny uas permeated lawv cov zej zog. Ntau tshaj 2,000 xyoo tom qab Aristotle txoj haujlwm, British naturalist Charles Darwin kuj tau txuas ntxiv cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib deev thiab kev ntxub ntxaug nws tau hnov thiab nyeem txog thaum nws tseem hluas rau lub ntiaj teb.
Darwin tau nthuav tawm nws qhov kev txiav txim siab raws li qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, piv txwv li hauv nws phau ntawv 1871 Lub Hwj Chim ntawm Txiv Neej, uas nws tau piav qhia nws txoj kev ntseeg tias cov txiv neej tau hloov pauv zoo dua rau cov poj niam, tias cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau zoo dua rau cov neeg tsis yog Europe, uas hierarchies, systemic civilizations tau zoo dua. me me egalitarian societies. Tseem tau qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm niaj hnub no, nws tau sib cav hais tias "dab ntxwg nyoog ornaments thiab cov suab paj nruag zoo sib xws uas tau pe hawm los ntawm cov neeg siab phem" tsis tau hloov zuj zus zoo li qee cov tsiaj, xws li noog, thiab yuav tsis tau hloov zuj zus zoo li qee cov tsiaj. , xws li New World liab Pithecia satanas.
Qhov Cuam Tshuam ntawm Tus Txiv Neej tau luam tawm thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv tebchaws Europe. Hauv Fab Kis, cov neeg ua haujlwm 'Paris Commune tau mus rau hauv txoj kev thov kom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog, suav nrog kev rhuav tshem ntawm kev sib raug zoo hierarchy. Darwin qhov kev sib cav hais tias kev ua qhev ntawm cov neeg pluag, cov neeg tsis yog-Europeans, thiab cov poj niam yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev vam meej yeej yog suab paj nruag rau pob ntseg ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov uas muaj hwj chim hauv kev tshawb fawb. Science historian Janet Brown sau hais tias Darwin lub meteoric nce nyob rau hauv Victorian haiv neeg yog vim feem ntau rau nws sau ntawv, tsis yog nws haiv neeg thiab sexist kev sau ntawv.
Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Darwin tau muab lub xeev lub ntees tuag nyob rau hauv Westminster Abbey, lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm Askiv thiab tau ua kev zoo siab rau pej xeem raws li lub cim ntawm Tebchaws Askiv "kev ua tiav thoob ntiaj teb kev kov yeej ntawm xwm thiab kev vam meej thaum lub sijhawm Victoria txoj kev kav ntev."
Txawm hais tias muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv 150 xyoo dhau los, kev sib deev thiab kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg tseem muaj nyob hauv kev tshawb fawb, tshuaj, thiab kev kawm. Raws li ib tug xibfwb thiab kws tshawb fawb ntawm Howard University, kuv txaus siab los koom nrog kuv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm-biology thiab anthropology-los tham txog cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo. Hauv kev tshawb fawb kuv nyuam qhuav luam tawm nrog kuv cov npoj yaig Fatima Jackson thiab peb tus menyuam kawm ntawv kho mob Howard, peb qhia tias kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev sib deev tsis yog ib qho ntawm yav dhau los: nws tseem muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb, phau ntawv kawm, tsev cia puav pheej, thiab cov ntaub ntawv kawm.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees uas tseem muaj nyob hauv lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yog tias ntau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg tau xav tias muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm cov tawv nqaij tsaus, ntau "thaum ntxov" cov neeg mus rau cov tawv nqaij tawv, ntau "advanced" neeg. Ntuj keeb kwm tsev cia puav pheej, cov vev xaib, thiab UNESCO cuab yeej cuab tam qhov chaw qhia txog qhov sib txawv no.
Txawm hais tias cov lus piav qhia no tsis sib haum rau qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhov no tsis tiv thaiv lawv kom tsis txhob kis mus ntxiv. Niaj hnub no, txog 11% ntawm cov pejxeem yog "dawb," piv txwv li, European. Cov duab uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis qhia meej txog keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg evolution lossis cov tsos ntawm tib neeg niaj hnub no. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj pov thawj scientific rau gradual lightening ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov xim ntawm cov tawv nqaij sib zog tsim feem ntau hauv ob peb pawg uas tsiv mus rau thaj chaw sab nraud ntawm Africa, ntawm qhov siab lossis qis latitudes, xws li North America, Europe, thiab Asia.
Sexist rhetoric tseem permeates academia. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 2021 daim ntawv hais txog ib tug nto moo tib neeg pob txha pob txha pom nyob rau hauv ib tug archaeological site nyob rau hauv lub Atapuerca Roob ntawm Spain, cov kws tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam cov seem 'fangs thiab pom tias lawv yeej yog ib tug me nyuam hnub nyoog 9 txog 11 xyoo. Ib tug hluas nkauj fangs. Cov pob txha yav tas los tau xav tias yog ib tug me nyuam tub vim yog phau ntawv muag zoo tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 2002 los ntawm paleoanthropologist José María Bermúdez de Castro, yog ib tus kws sau ntawv. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia yog tias qhov kev tshawb fawb cov kws sau ntawv tau lees paub tias tsis muaj lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb los txheeb xyuas cov pob txha li txiv neej. Qhov kev txiav txim siab "tau ua los ntawm lub sijhawm," lawv sau.
Tab sis qhov kev xaiv no tsis yog tiag tiag "random." Cov nyiaj ntawm tib neeg evolution feem ntau feature tsuas yog txiv neej. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej uas cov poj niam tau piav qhia, lawv feem ntau tau piav qhia tias yog cov niam uas tsis muaj zog ntau dua li cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam, cov kws ua yeeb yam hauv qhov tsua, lossis cov neeg sau khoom noj, txawm tias muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov poj niam ua ntej keeb kwm yog raws nraim li ntawd.
Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov lus piav qhia txog kev sib deev hauv kev tshawb fawb yog li cas cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus sib cav txog qhov "puzzling" evolution ntawm poj niam orgasm. Darwin tau tsim cov lus piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov poj niam hloov mus ua " txaj muag" thiab kev sib daj sib deev, txawm tias nws tau lees paub tias hauv ntau hom tsiaj, cov poj niam nquag xaiv lawv cov phooj ywg. Raws li Victorian, nws pom tias nws nyuaj rau lees paub tias cov poj niam tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev xaiv txij nkawm, yog li nws ntseeg tias lub luag haujlwm no tau tshwj tseg rau cov poj niam thaum ntxov ntawm tib neeg kev hloov pauv. Raws li Darwin, cov txiv neej tom qab pib sib deev xaiv poj niam.
Sexist thov hais tias cov poj niam " txaj muag" thiab "tsawg dua kev sib deev," nrog rau lub tswv yim hais tias poj niam orgasm yog ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis meej, tsis lees paub los ntawm cov pov thawj ntau dhau. Piv txwv li, cov poj niam yeej muaj ntau yam orgasms ntau dua li cov txiv neej, thiab lawv cov orgasms yog, qhov nruab nrab, ntau nyuaj, nyuaj, thiab khaus. Cov poj niam tsis yog kev lom zem ntawm kev sib deev muaj siab, tab sis kev sib deev stereotypes raug lees paub raws li qhov tseeb.
Cov ntaub ntawv kawm, suav nrog cov phau ntawv kawm thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv atlases siv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tshawb fawb thiab kho mob, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kev xav ua ntej. Piv txwv li, 2017 ib tsab ntawm Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, feem ntau siv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob thiab chaw kho mob, suav nrog ze li 180 daim duab ntawm cov xim ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Ntawm cov no, feem coob yog cov txiv neej tawv tawv, tsuas yog ob tus neeg uas muaj "tsaus" tawv nqaij. Qhov no perpetuates lub tswv yim ntawm depicting dawb txiv neej raws li lub anatomical prototypes ntawm tib neeg hom, tsis ua kom pom tag nrho anatomical ntau haiv neeg ntawm tib neeg.
Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus cov ntaub ntawv kawm kuj tseem rov ua qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees no hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshawb fawb, tsev cia puav pheej, thiab phau ntawv kawm. Piv txwv li, lub npog ntawm 2016 xim phau ntawv hu ua "Evolution of Creatures" qhia tib neeg evolution nyob rau hauv ib tug linear qauv: los ntawm "primitive" creatures nrog tsaus tawv nqaij mus rau "civilized" Westerners. Lub indoctrination tiav thaum cov menyuam yaus uas siv cov phau ntawv no los ua cov kws tshawb fawb, cov neeg sau xov xwm, cov neeg saib xyuas tsev khaws puav pheej, cov nom tswv, cov kws sau ntawv, lossis cov kws kos duab.
Ib tug yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg thiab kev ua plees ua yi yog qhov lawv tsis nco qab los ntawm cov neeg uas feem ntau tsis paub txog tias lawv cov lus piav qhia thiab kev txiav txim siab tsis ncaj ncees. Cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug, kev sib deev, thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees rau sab hnub poob los ntawm kev ua kom ceev faj thiab ua haujlwm hauv kev txheeb xyuas thiab kho cov kev cuam tshuam no hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Tso cai rau cov lus piav qhia tsis raug txuas ntxiv mus txuas ntxiv hauv kev tshawb fawb, tshuaj, kev kawm, thiab kev tshaj tawm tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav tawm cov lus piav qhia no rau cov tiam tom ntej, tab sis tseem cuam tshuam txog kev ntxub ntxaug, kev tsim txom, thiab kev ua phem uas lawv tau ua txhaum yav dhau los.
Post lub sij hawm: Dec-11-2024