Peb-dimensional printed anatomical qauv (3DPAMs) zoo li yog cov cuab yeej tsim nyog vim lawv txoj kev kawm muaj txiaj ntsig thiab ua tau.Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog los piav qhia thiab txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem siv los tsim 3DPAM rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev thiab ntsuas nws cov kev qhia qhia.
Kev tshawb nrhiav hluav taws xob tau ua nyob rau hauv PubMed siv cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: kev kawm, tsev kawm ntawv, kev kawm, kev qhia, kev cob qhia, kev qhia, kev kawm, peb-dimensional, 3D, 3-dimensional, printing, printing, printing, anatomy, anatomy, anatomy, and anatomy ..Cov kev tshawb pom muaj xws li kev kawm yam ntxwv, tus qauv tsim, kev ntsuam xyuas morphological, kev kawm txuj ci, lub zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog.
Ntawm 68 cov lus xaiv, cov kev tshawb fawb loj tshaj plaws tau tsom mus rau thaj tsam cranial (33 kab lus);51 kab lus hais txog pob txha luam ntawv.Hauv 47 kab lus, 3DPAM tau tsim los ntawm kev suav tomography.Tsib txheej txheem luam ntawv tau teev tseg.Cov yas thiab lawv cov derivatives tau siv hauv 48 qhov kev tshawb fawb.Txhua tus qauv tsim nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm $ 1.25 txog $ 2,800.Peb caug xya kev tshawb fawb piv 3DPAM nrog cov qauv siv.Peb caug-peb kab lus tshuaj xyuas cov dej num kev kawm.Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov pom kev zoo thiab tactile zoo, kev kawm efficiency, repeatability, customizability thiab agility, txuag lub sij hawm, kev koom ua ke ntawm functional anatomy, zoo dua lub hlwb kev sib hloov muaj peev xwm, kev txawj ntse tuav thiab cov xib fwb / cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab.Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim: sib xws, tsis muaj kev nthuav dav lossis pob tshab, xim uas ci dhau lawm, lub sijhawm luam tawm ntev thiab tus nqi siab.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia tau hais tias 3DPAM yog tus nqi tsim nyog thiab siv tau zoo rau kev qhia lub cev.Ntau cov qauv tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv cov thev naus laus zis 3D luam ntawv kim dua thiab lub sijhawm tsim qauv ntev dua, uas yuav ua rau kom tus nqi tag nrho.Tus yuam sij yog xaiv txoj kev imaging uas tsim nyog.Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav, 3DPAM yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo rau kev qhia lub cev, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev kawm tau zoo thiab kev txaus siab.Qhov kev qhia ntawm 3DPAM yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws rov tsim cov cheeb tsam anatomical complex thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws thaum ntxov hauv lawv txoj kev kawm kho mob.
Dissection ntawm tsiaj corpses tau ua txij thaum tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub thiab yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia cev nqaij daim tawv.Cadaveric dissections ua thaum lub sij hawm xyaum xyaum yog siv nyob rau hauv lub theoretical cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tam sim no suav hais tias yog tus qauv kub rau kev kawm ntawm lub cev [1,2,3,4,5].Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam teeb meem rau kev siv tib neeg cadaveric specimens, ua rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov cuab yeej cob qhia tshiab [6, 7].Qee cov cuab yeej tshiab no suav nrog kev muaj tiag, cov cuab yeej digital, thiab 3D luam ntawv.Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no los ntawm Santos et al.[8] Hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab no rau kev qhia lub cev, 3D luam ntawv zoo li yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ob qho tib si ntawm cov nqi kawm ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab hais txog qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv [4,9,10] .
3D luam ntawv tsis yog tshiab.Thawj patents muaj feem xyuam rau cov cuab yeej siv no rov qab rau xyoo 1984: A Le Méhauté, O De Witte thiab JC André hauv Fabkis, thiab peb lub lis piam tom qab C Hull hauv Asmeskas.Txij thaum ntawd los, thev naus laus zis tau txuas ntxiv mus thiab nws txoj kev siv tau nthuav dav mus rau ntau qhov chaw.Piv txwv li, NASA tau luam tawm thawj yam khoom dhau lub ntiaj teb hauv 2014 [11].Kev kho mob kuj tau txais cov cuab yeej tshiab no, yog li ua rau muaj kev xav tsim kho tus kheej [12].
Ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv 3D luam tawm anatomical qauv (3DPAM) hauv kev kawm kho mob [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].Thaum qhia tib neeg lub cev nqaij daim tawv, tsis yog-pathological thiab anatomically ib txwm qauv yog xav tau.Qee qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau tshuaj xyuas cov qauv kev kho mob lossis kev kho mob / phais mob [8, 20, 21].Txhawm rau tsim cov qauv sib xyaw rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev nqaij daim tawv uas suav nrog cov cuab yeej tshiab xws li 3D luam ntawv, peb tau ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo los piav qhia thiab tshuaj xyuas seb 3D cov khoom luam tawm tau tsim li cas rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev thiab seb cov tub ntxhais kawm ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev kawm siv cov khoom 3D no.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv zoo no tau ua nyob rau lub Rau Hli 2022 yam tsis muaj kev txwv lub sijhawm siv PRISMA (Cov Lus Qhia Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij rau Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Txheej Txheem thiab Meta-Analyses) cov lus qhia [22].
Cov txheej txheem suav nrog yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb siv 3DPAM hauv kev qhia txog kev xav / kev kawm.Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntawv sau, lossis cov ntawv hais txog cov qauv kab mob, cov qauv tsiaj, cov qauv qub qub, thiab cov qauv kev kho mob / phais mob tau raug cais tawm.Tsuas yog cov ntawv luam tawm ua lus Askiv raug xaiv.Cov ntawv tsis muaj cov ntawv nyeem hauv online tau raug cais tawm.Cov khoom uas suav nrog ntau tus qauv, tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov anatomically ib txwm muaj lossis muaj cov kab mob me me uas tsis cuam tshuam rau kev qhia tus nqi, tau suav nrog.
Kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob PubMed (National Library of Medicine, NCBI) txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam txog lub Rau Hli 2022. Siv cov lus tshawb fawb hauv qab no: kev kawm, tsev kawm ntawv, kev qhia, kev qhia, kev kawm, kev qhia, kev kawm, peb- Dimension, 3D, 3D, luam ntawv, luam ntawv, luam ntawv, lub cev, lub cev, lub cev thiab lub cev.Ib qho lus nug tau raug ua tiav: (((kev kawm [Title / Abstract] LOSSIS lub tsev kawm ntawv [Title/Abstract] ORlearning[Title/Abstract] LOSSIS qhia[Title/Abstract] LOSSIS kev cob qhia[Title/Abstract] OReach[Title/Abstract]] LOSSIS Kev Kawm [Title/Abstract]) THIAB (Peb Dimensions [Title] LOSSIS 3D [Title] LOSSIS 3D [Title])) THIAB (Print [Title] LOSSIS Print [Title] LOSSIS Sau [Title]) AND (Anatomy) [Title ]]/abstract] or anatomy [title/abstract] or anatomy [title/abstract] or anatomy [title/abstract]).Cov kab lus ntxiv tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav PubMed cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lwm cov ntawv tshawb fawb.Tsis muaj kev txwv hnub raug siv, tab sis cov lim "Tib neeg" tau siv.
Tag nrho cov npe thiab cov lus piav qhia tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv (EBR thiab AL), thiab cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ua raws li tag nrho cov kev tsim nyog tau raug cais tawm.Cov ntawv luam tawm tag nrho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau muab rov qab thiab tshuaj xyuas los ntawm peb tus kws sau ntawv (EBR, EBE thiab AL).Thaum tsim nyog, kev tsis pom zoo hauv kev xaiv cov khoom raug daws los ntawm tus neeg thib plaub (LT).Cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas ua tau raws li tag nrho cov txheej txheem suav nrog tau suav nrog hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no.
Kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv tau ua nws tus kheej los ntawm ob tus kws sau ntawv (EBR thiab AL) nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws sau thib peb (LT).
- Cov ntaub ntawv tsim qauv: thaj chaw anatomical, qhov tshwj xeeb anatomical, thawj qauv rau 3D luam ntawv, kev nrhiav tau, segmentation thiab qauv software, 3D tshuab luam ntawv hom, cov khoom siv thiab ntau, luam ntawv teev, xim, luam ntawv nqi.
- Kev ntsuam xyuas morphological ntawm cov qauv: cov qauv siv rau kev sib piv, kev soj ntsuam kev kho mob ntawm cov kws tshaj lij / cov kws qhia ntawv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam, hom kev ntsuas.
- Kev qhia 3D qauv: kev ntsuas cov tub ntxhais kawm kev paub, kev ntsuas tus qauv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tus lej ntawm pawg sib piv, randomization ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, kev kawm / hom tub ntxhais kawm.
418 cov kev tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas hauv MEDLINE, thiab 139 kab lus raug tshem tawm los ntawm "tib neeg" lim.Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov npe thiab cov lus piav qhia, 103 cov kev tshawb fawb tau raug xaiv rau kev nyeem ntawv tag nrho.34 kab lus raug tshem tawm vim tias lawv yog cov qauv kab mob (9 kab lus), kev kho mob / phais kev cob qhia qauv (4 kab lus), tsiaj qauv (4 kab lus), 3D cov qauv hluav taws xob (1 tsab xov xwm) lossis tsis yog cov ntawv tshawb fawb qub (16 tshooj).).Tag nrho ntawm 68 kab lus tau suav nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas.Daim duab 1 nthuav qhia cov txheej txheem xaiv raws li daim ntawv qhia ntws.
Flow daim ntawv qhia txog kev txheeb xyuas, tshuaj xyuas, thiab suav nrog cov khoom hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo
Tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm thaum xyoo 2014 thiab 2022, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab tshaj tawm xyoo 2019. Ntawm 68 cov ntawv suav nrog, 33 (49%) cov kev tshawb fawb tau piav qhia thiab sim, 17 (25%) yog kev sim siab, thiab 18 (26%) yog kev sim.Ntshiab piav.Ntawm 50 (73%) kev tshawb fawb, 21 (31%) siv randomization.Tsuas yog 34 qhov kev tshawb fawb (50%) suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas kev txheeb xyuas.Table 1 qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov kev kawm.
33 kab lus (48%) tshuaj xyuas lub taub hau cheeb tsam, 19 kab lus (28%) tshuaj xyuas thaj tsam thoracic, 17 kab lus (25%) tshuaj xyuas thaj tsam plab, thiab 15 kab lus (22%) tshuaj xyuas cov extremities.Tsib caug-ib tshooj (75%) tau hais txog 3D cov pob txha luam tawm raws li cov qauv anatomical lossis ntau daim anatomical qauv.
Hais txog cov qauv los yog cov ntaub ntawv siv los tsim 3DPAM, 23 kab lus (34%) tau hais txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tus neeg mob, 20 kab lus (29%) tau hais txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv cadaveric, thiab 17 kab lus (25%) tau hais txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv.tau siv, thiab 7 txoj kev tshawb fawb (10%) tsis tau nthuav tawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv.
47 cov kev tshawb fawb (69%) tau tsim 3DPAM raws li kev suav tomography, thiab 3 kev tshawb fawb (4%) qhia txog kev siv microCT.7 tsab xov xwm (10%) tau npaj 3D cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, 4 kab lus (6%) siv MRI, thiab 1 kab lus (1%) siv lub koob yees duab thiab lub tshuab tsom.14 kab lus (21%) tsis tau hais txog lub hauv paus ntawm 3D qauv tsim cov ntaub ntawv.3D cov ntaub ntawv raug tsim nrog qhov nruab nrab spatial daws teeb meem tsawg dua 0.5 hli.Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog 30 μm [80] thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws daws teeb meem yog 1.5 hli [32].
Rau caum qhov sib txawv software siv (segmentation, qauv, tsim lossis luam ntawv) tau siv.Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) tau siv ntau zaus (14 kev tshawb fawb, 21%), ua raws li MeshMixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) (13 kev tshawb fawb, 19%), Geomagic (3D System, MO, NC, Leesville) .(10 kev tshawb fawb, 15%), 3D Slicer (Slicer Developer Training, Boston, MA) (9 kev tshawb fawb, 13%), Blender (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (8 kev tshawb fawb, 12%) thiab CURA (Geldemarsen, Netherlands) (7 kev tshawb fawb, 10%).
Rau caum-xya lub tshuab luam ntawv sib txawv thiab tsib txheej txheem luam ntawv tau hais.FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) thev naus laus zis tau siv hauv 26 cov khoom lag luam (38%), cov khoom tawg hauv 13 cov khoom (19%) thiab thaum kawg binder blasting (11 cov khoom, 16%).Cov thev naus laus zis siv tsawg tshaj plaws yog stereolithography (SLA) (5 kab lus, 7%) thiab xaiv laser sintering (SLS) (4 kab lus, 6%).Lub tshuab luam ntawv uas siv ntau tshaj plaws (7 kab lus, 10%) yog Connex 500 (Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel) [27, 30, 32, 36, 45, 62, 65].
Thaum qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv siv los ua 3DPAM (51 kab lus, 75%), 48 kev tshawb fawb (71%) tau siv cov yas thiab lawv cov derivatives.Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yog PLA (polylactic acid) (n = 20, 29%), resin (n = 9, 13%) thiab ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (7 hom, 10%).23 kab lus (34%) tau tshuaj xyuas 3DPAM ua los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv, 36 kab lus (53%) tau nthuav tawm 3DPAM ua los ntawm ib qho khoom siv nkaus xwb, thiab 9 kab lus (13%) tsis tau qhia txog cov khoom siv.
Nees nkaum cuaj kab lus (43%) tau tshaj tawm qhov sib piv ntawm 0.25: 1 txog 2: 1, nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 1: 1.Nees nkaum tsib kab lus (37%) siv 1: 1 piv.28 3DPAMs (41%) muaj ntau xim, thiab 9 (13%) tau dyed tom qab luam ntawv [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75].
Peb caug plaub kab lus (50%) hais txog cov nqi.9 kab lus (13%) tau hais txog tus nqi ntawm 3D tshuab luam ntawv thiab cov khoom siv raw.Cov tshuab luam ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm $ 302 txog $ 65,000.Thaum tau teev tseg, tus qauv nqi ntawm $ 1.25 txog $ 2,800;Cov kev kub ntxhov no sib raug rau cov pob txha pob txha [47] thiab cov qauv zoo nkauj retroperitoneal [48].Table 2 piav qhia txog cov qauv ntaub ntawv rau txhua qhov kev kawm suav nrog.
Peb caug-xya txoj kev tshawb fawb (54%) piv rau 3DAPM rau tus qauv siv.Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, qhov sib piv feem ntau yog cov qauv siv anatomical, siv hauv 14 kab lus (38%), plastinated npaj hauv 6 kab lus (16%), plastinated npaj hauv 6 kab lus (16%).Kev siv cov kev muaj tiag virtual, suav tomography imaging ib 3DPAM hauv 5 kab lus (14%), lwm 3DPAM hauv 3 kab lus (8%), kev ua si loj hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%), xov tooj cua hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%), cov qauv kev lag luam hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%) thiab augmented kev muaj tiag hauv 1 tsab xov xwm (3%).Peb caug plaub (50%) kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam 3DPAM.Kaum tsib (48%) cov kev tshawb fawb piav qhia txog cov kev paub dhau los ntawm cov neeg ntaus nqi (Table 3).3DPAM tau ua los ntawm cov kws phais mob lossis cov kws kho mob koom nrog hauv 7 txoj kev tshawb fawb (47%), cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv 6 txoj kev tshawb fawb (40%), cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv 3 txoj kev tshawb fawb (20%), cov kws qhia ntawv (kev qhuab qhia tsis tau teev tseg) hauv 3 txoj kev tshawb fawb (20%) rau kev ntsuam xyuas thiab ib tus neeg soj ntsuam ntxiv hauv kab lus (7%).Qhov nruab nrab tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam yog 14 (yam tsawg kawg 2, siab tshaj 30).Peb caug-peb kev tshawb fawb (49%) tau soj ntsuam 3DPAM morphology zoo, thiab 10 kev tshawb fawb (15%) tau soj ntsuam 3DPAM morphology ntau npaum li cas.Ntawm 33 cov kev tshawb fawb uas siv cov kev ntsuas zoo, 16 siv cov kev ntsuas kev piav qhia nkaus xwb (48%), 9 siv cov kev xeem / kev ntsuam xyuas / kev soj ntsuam (27%), thiab 8 siv Likert nplai (24%).Table 3 qhia txog cov kev ntsuas morphological ntawm cov qauv hauv txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb.
Peb caug-peb (48%) cov lus tau tshuaj xyuas thiab muab piv rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev qhia 3DPAM rau cov tub ntxhais kawm.Ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no, 23 (70%) cov ntawv txheeb xyuas cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab, 17 (51%) siv Likert nplai, thiab 6 (18%) siv lwm txoj hauv kev.Nees nkaum ob kab lus (67%) tau soj ntsuam cov tub ntxhais kawm kev kawm los ntawm kev xeem paub, ntawm 10 (30%) tau siv pretests thiab / lossis posttests.Kaum ib qhov kev tshawb fawb (33%) tau siv ntau cov lus nug thiab kev xeem los ntsuas cov tub ntxhais kawm kev paub, thiab tsib txoj kev tshawb fawb (15%) tau siv cov duab kos npe / kev txheeb xyuas lub cev.Qhov nruab nrab ntawm 76 tus tub ntxhais kawm tau koom nrog hauv txhua qhov kev kawm (yam tsawg kawg 8, siab tshaj 319).Nees nkaum plaub txoj kev tshawb fawb (72%) muaj pawg tswj hwm, ntawm 20 (60%) siv randomization.Hauv qhov sib piv, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb (3%) tau muab cov qauv anatomical rau 10 tus tub ntxhais kawm sib txawv.Qhov nruab nrab, 2.6 pawg tau muab piv (yam tsawg kawg 2, siab tshaj 10).Nees nkaum-peb kev tshawb fawb (70%) koom nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, ntawm 14 (42%) yog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob thawj xyoo.Rau (18%) kev tshawb fawb koom nrog cov neeg nyob hauv, 4 (12%) cov tub ntxhais kawm kho hniav, thiab 3 (9%) cov tub ntxhais kawm tshawb fawb.Rau qhov kev tshawb fawb (18%) tau siv thiab ntsuas kev kawm tus kheej siv 3DPAM.Table 4 qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 3DPAM kev ntsuas kev qhia ua tau zoo rau txhua qhov kev kawm.
Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj tawm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv rau kev siv 3DPAM ua ib qho cuab yeej qhia rau tib neeg lub cev lub cev yog qhov pom thiab cov yam ntxwv, suav nrog kev muaj tiag [55, 67], qhov tseeb [44, 50, 72, 85], thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv [34, 45] ]., 48, 64], xim thiab pob tshab [28, 45], durability [24, 56, 73], kev kawm ntawv [16, 32, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], nqi [27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 64, 80, 81, 83], rov tsim dua tshiab [80], muaj peev xwm txhim kho lossis tus kheej [28, 30, 36, 45, 48, 51, 53, 59, 61, 67 , 80], muaj peev xwm los tswj cov tub ntxhais kawm [30, 49], txuag lub sijhawm qhia [61, 80], yooj yim ntawm kev khaws cia [61], muaj peev xwm sib xyaw ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev lossis tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb [51, 53], 67] , kev tsim kho sai ntawm cov qauv pob txha [81], muaj peev xwm sib koom ua qauv thiab coj lawv mus tsev [49, 60, 71], txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm lub hlwb [23] thiab kev tuav pov hwm kev paub [32], nrog rau cov kws qhia [ 25, 63] thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab [25, 45, 46, 52, 52, 57, 63, 66, 69, 84].
Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim: rigidity [80], sib xws [28, 62], tsis muaj kev nthuav dav lossis pob tshab [28, 30, 34, 45, 48, 62, 64, 81], xim dhau lawm [45].thiab fragility ntawm pem teb [71].Lwm qhov tsis zoo muaj xws li poob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv [30, 76], lub sij hawm ntev yuav tsum tau rau cov duab segmentation [36, 52, 57, 58, 74], lub sij hawm luam ntawv [57, 63, 66, 67], tsis muaj anatomical variability [25], thiab kos.Siab [48].
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau sau tseg 68 cov ntawv luam tawm tshaj 9 xyoo thiab qhia txog kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog kev txaus siab rau 3DPAM ua ib qho cuab yeej rau kev qhia tib neeg lub cev lub cev.Txhua cheeb tsam anatomical tau kawm thiab 3D luam tawm.Ntawm cov ntawv no, 37 kab lus piv 3DPAM nrog rau lwm cov qauv, thiab 33 tsab xov xwm tau soj ntsuam cov kev qhia txog kev qhia txog 3DPAM rau cov tub ntxhais kawm.
Muab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsim ntawm anatomical 3D luam ntawv kev tshawb fawb, peb tsis tau xav tias nws tsim nyog los ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas meta.Ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas meta-tshaj tawm xyoo 2020 feem ntau yog tsom rau kev ntsuas kev paub txog anatomical tom qab kev cob qhia yam tsis tau tshuaj xyuas cov txuj ci thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm 3DPAM tsim thiab tsim khoom [10].
Lub taub hau cheeb tsam yog qhov kev kawm tshaj plaws, tej zaum vim qhov nyuaj ntawm nws lub cev nqaij daim tawv ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los piav txog thaj chaw anatomical hauv peb qhov chaw piv rau cov ceg los yog lub cev.CT yog tam sim no feem ntau siv cov duab qauv.Cov txheej txheem no yog siv dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw kho mob, tab sis muaj kev daws teeb meem tsawg thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tsis sib xws.Cov kev txwv no ua rau CT scan tsis tsim nyog rau segmentation thiab qauv ntawm lub paj hlwb.Ntawm qhov tod tes, suav tomography yog qhov zoo dua rau cov pob txha segmentation / qauv;Pob txha / cov nqaij mos sib piv pab ua kom tiav cov kauj ruam no ua ntej 3D luam ntawv anatomical qauv.Ntawm qhov tod tes, microCT raug suav hais tias yog siv thev naus laus zis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm spatial daws teeb meem hauv pob txha duab [70].Optical scanners lossis MRI kuj tuaj yeem siv tau kom tau txais cov duab.Kev daws teeb meem siab dua tiv thaiv kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov pob txha pob txha thiab khaws cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv anatomical [59].Kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv kuj cuam tshuam rau qhov kev daws teeb meem spatial: piv txwv li, cov qauv plasticization muaj qhov kev daws teeb meem qis dua [45].Cov neeg tsim duab kos duab yuav tsum tsim cov qauv 3D kev cai, uas nce nqi ($ 25 txog $ 150 toj ib teev) [43].Tau txais cov ntaub ntawv zoo .STL tsis txaus los tsim cov qauv anatomical zoo.Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab txog kev luam ntawv, xws li kev taw qhia ntawm tus qauv anatomical ntawm lub phaj luam ntawv [29].Qee tus kws sau ntawv qhia tias cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis xws li SLS yuav tsum siv qhov twg los tau los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm 3DPAM [38].Kev tsim khoom ntawm 3DPAM xav tau kev pabcuam kev tshaj lij;Cov kws tshaj lij nrhiav kev tshaj lij yog engineers [72], radiologists, [75], graphic designers [43] thiab anatomists [25, 28, 51, 57, 76, 77].
Segmentation thiab modeling software yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tau txais cov qauv anatomical raug, tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov software pob khoom no thiab lawv cov complexity cuam tshuam lawv kev siv.Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau muab piv rau kev siv cov pob software sib txawv thiab cov thev naus laus zis luam ntawv, qhia txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txhua lub tshuab [68].Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim qauv software, luam ntawv software sib xws nrog lub tshuab luam ntawv xaiv kuj tseem xav tau;Qee tus kws sau ntawv nyiam siv 3D luam ntawv online [75].Yog tias cov khoom 3D txaus luam tawm, kev nqis peev tuaj yeem ua rau nyiaj txiag rov qab [72].
Yas yog nyob deb ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau.Nws ntau yam ntawm textures thiab xim ua rau nws cov khoom xaiv rau 3DPAM.Qee tus kws sau ntawv tau qhuas nws lub zog siab piv rau cov qauv cadaveric lossis plastinated qauv [24, 56, 73].Qee cov plastics txawm muaj cov khoom khoov lossis ncab.Piv txwv li, Filaflex nrog FDM thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem ncav cuag 700%.Qee tus kws sau ntawv xav txog nws cov khoom ntawm kev xaiv rau cov leeg, leeg thiab ligament replication [63].Ntawm qhov tod tes, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tsa cov lus nug txog fiber ntau orientation thaum luam ntawv.Qhov tseeb, cov leeg nqaij fiber ntau orientation, ntxig, innervation, thiab kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov leeg nqaij qauv [33].
Kuj ceeb tias, ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb hais txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev luam ntawv.Txij li thaum muaj coob tus neeg xav txog qhov piv ntawm 1: 1 los ua tus qauv, tus sau yuav tau xaiv tsis hais nws.Txawm hais tias kev nce qib yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev qhia kev kawm hauv cov pab pawg loj, qhov ua tau ntawm kev ntsuas tsis tau tshawb pom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov chav kawm loj hlob thiab lub cev loj ntawm tus qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb.Tau kawg, cov nplais puv loj ua rau nws yooj yim dua los nrhiav thiab sib txuas lus ntau yam anatomical ntsiab rau tus neeg mob, uas yuav piav qhia vim li cas lawv feem ntau siv.
Ntawm ntau lub tshuab luam ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv khw, cov uas siv PolyJet (cov ntaub ntawv los yog binder inkjet) thev naus laus zis los muab cov xim thiab ntau txheej (thiab yog li ntau cov ntaub ntawv) siab txhais cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm US $ 20,000 thiab US $ 250,000 (https://www. .aniwaa.com/).Tus nqi siab no tuaj yeem txwv kev nce qib ntawm 3DPAM hauv cov tsev kawm kho mob.Ntxiv rau tus nqi ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv, tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau inkjet luam ntawv yog siab dua rau SLA lossis FDM tshuab luam ntawv [68].Tus nqi rau SLA lossis FDM cov tshuab luam ntawv kuj tseem pheej yig dua, txij li € 576 txog € 4,999 hauv cov ntawv teev npe hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no.Raws li Tripodi thiab cov npoj yaig, txhua qhov skeletal tuaj yeem luam tawm rau US $ 1.25 [47].Kaum ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias 3D luam ntawv yog pheej yig dua li plasticization lossis kev lag luam qauv [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83].Ntxiv mus, cov qauv kev lag luam no yog tsim los muab cov ntaub ntawv tus neeg mob yam tsis muaj kev nthuav dav txaus rau kev qhia cev nqaij daim tawv [80].Cov qauv kev lag luam no suav tias yog qis dua rau 3DPAM [44].Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias, ntxiv rau cov tshuab luam ntawv siv, tus nqi kawg yog proportional rau qhov ntsuas thiab yog li qhov kawg loj ntawm 3DPAM [48].Rau cov laj thawj no, qhov ntsuas qhov loj me yog nyiam [37].
Tsuas yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb piv rau 3DPAM nrog cov qauv kev lag luam muaj nyob hauv anatomical [72].Cov qauv Cadaveric yog qhov feem ntau siv piv rau 3DPAM.Txawm hais tias lawv cov kev txwv, cov qauv cadaveric tseem yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev qhia lub cev.Qhov sib txawv yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm kev txiav txim siab, kev txiav txim siab thiab cov pob txha qhuav.Raws li kev ntsuam xyuas kev cob qhia, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias 3DPAM tau ua haujlwm zoo dua li kev txiav tawm platinated [16, 27].Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb piv rau ib teev ntawm kev cob qhia siv 3DPAM (tsawg kawg nkaus) nrog rau ib teev ntawm kev txiav tawm ntawm tib cheeb tsam anatomical [78].Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob txoj kev qhia.Nws yog qhov yuav muaj kev tshawb fawb me me ntawm cov ncauj lus no vim tias qhov kev sib piv no nyuaj rau ua.Dissection yog ib qho kev npaj siv sijhawm rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv.Qee lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau npaj ntau ntau teev, nyob ntawm seb yuav npaj li cas.Kev sib piv thib peb tuaj yeem ua nrog cov pob txha qhuav.Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Tsai thiab Smith pom tias cov qhab nia xeem tau zoo dua hauv pab pawg siv 3DPAM [51, 63].Chen thiab cov npoj yaig tau sau tseg tias cov tub ntxhais kawm siv 3D qauv ua tau zoo dua ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv (pob txha taub hau), tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm MCQ cov qhab nia [69].Thaum kawg, Tanner thiab cov npoj yaig tau ua pov thawj zoo dua tom qab kev xeem hauv pab pawg no siv 3DPAM ntawm pterygopalatine fossa [46].Lwm cov cuab yeej qhia tshiab tau txheeb xyuas hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no.Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog augmented kev muaj tiag, virtual kev muaj tiag thiab kev ua si loj [43].Raws li Mahrous thiab cov npoj yaig, kev nyiam rau cov qauv anatomical nyob ntawm seb cov menyuam kawm ntawv ua si video games [31].Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej qhia txog lub cev tshiab yog cov lus qhia haptic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov cuab yeej virtual nkaus xwb [48].
Feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam 3DPAM tshiab tau siv pretests ntawm kev paub.Cov pretests no pab kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev ntsuam xyuas.Qee tus kws sau ntawv, ua ntej kev sim kev tshawb fawb, tsis suav tag nrho cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau qhab nia siab tshaj qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev xeem ua ntej [40].Ntawm qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees Garas thiab cov npoj yaig tau hais yog xim ntawm tus qauv thiab kev xaiv cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb hauv chav kawm [61].Staining pab txhawb kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv anatomical.Chen thiab cov npoj yaig tau tsim cov kev sim nruj heev uas tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg thiab qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua rau qhov muag tsis pom qhov siab tshaj plaws [69].Lim thiab cov npoj yaig pom zoo kom qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tom qab ua tiav los ntawm tus neeg thib peb kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv kev ntsuam xyuas [16].Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau siv Likert nplai los ntsuas qhov ua tau ntawm 3DPAM.Cov cuab yeej no tsim nyog rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev txaus siab, tab sis tseem muaj kev tsis txaus ntseeg tseem ceeb kom paub txog [86].
Qhov kev kawm tseem ceeb ntawm 3DPAM feem ntau raug soj ntsuam ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, suav nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob thawj xyoo, hauv 14 ntawm 33 qhov kev tshawb fawb.Hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav, Wilk thiab cov npoj yaig tau tshaj tawm tias cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob ntseeg tias 3D luam ntawv yuav tsum suav nrog hauv lawv qhov kev kawm ntawm lub cev [87].87% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tshawb fawb hauv Cercenelli txoj kev tshawb fawb ntseeg tias xyoo thib ob ntawm kev kawm yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws los siv 3DPAM [84].Tanner thiab cov npoj yaig cov txiaj ntsig kuj tau qhia tias cov tub ntxhais kawm ua tau zoo dua yog tias lawv tsis tau kawm hauv thaj chaw [46].Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tias thawj xyoo ntawm tsev kawm ntawv kho mob yog lub sijhawm zoo los koom nrog 3DPAM rau hauv kev qhia cev nqaij daim tawv.Yees duab-kev tshuaj ntsuam tau txhawb lub tswv yim no [18].Hauv 27 kab lus suav nrog hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov qhab nia xeem ntawm 3DPAM thiab cov qauv ib txwm siv rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob, tab sis tsis yog rau cov neeg nyob hauv.
3DPAM ua ib qho cuab yeej kev kawm txhim kho kev kawm tau zoo [16, 35, 39, 52, 57, 63, 69, 79], kev paub ntev mus ntev [32], thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm txaus siab [25, 45, 46, 52, 57, 63 , 66] ib.69, 84] ib.Panels ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kuj pom cov qauv no muaj txiaj ntsig [37, 42, 49, 81, 82], thiab ob txoj kev tshawb fawb pom cov xibfwb txaus siab rau 3DPAM [25, 63].Ntawm txhua qhov chaw, Backhouse thiab cov npoj yaig xav txog 3D luam ntawv los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua qauv anatomical [49].Hauv lawv thawj qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, Ye thiab cov npoj yaig tau lees paub tias cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau txais 3DPAM cov lus qhia tau qhab nia zoo dua tom qab cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tau txais cov lus qhia 2D lossis cadaver [10].Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txawv 3DPAM tsis yog los ntawm qhov nyuaj, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm lub plawv, lub paj hlwb, thiab lub plab kab noj hniav.Hauv xya qhov kev tshawb fawb, 3DPAM tsis ua tau zoo dua lwm cov qauv raws li kev xeem kev paub uas muab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm [32, 66, 69, 77, 78, 84].Hauv lawv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam meta, Salazar thiab cov npoj yaig tau xaus lus tias kev siv 3DPAM tshwj xeeb txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm lub cev tsis zoo [17].Lub tswv yim no zoo ib yam nrog Hitas tsab ntawv rau tus editor [88].Qee qhov chaw anatomical suav hais tias tsis yooj yim tsis tas yuav siv 3DPAM, qhov chaw anatomical complex (xws li lub caj dab lossis lub paj hlwb) yuav yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau 3DPAM.Lub tswv yim no yuav piav qhia vim li cas qee qhov 3DPAMs tsis suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj rau cov qauv ib txwm muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj kev paub hauv qhov chaw uas tus qauv ua tau zoo dua.Yog li, nthuav qhia tus qauv yooj yim rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas twb muaj qee qhov kev paub txog kev kawm (cov tub ntxhais kawm kho mob lossis cov neeg nyob hauv) tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev txhim kho cov tub ntxhais kawm kev ua tau zoo.
Ntawm tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig kev kawm uas tau teev tseg, 11 cov kev tshawb fawb tau hais txog qhov pom kev zoo lossis kev xav ntawm cov qauv [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], thiab 3 kev tshawb fawb tau txhim kho lub zog thiab kav ntev (33 , 50 -52, 63, 79, 85, 86).Lwm qhov zoo yog tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov qauv, cov kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem txuag sijhawm, lawv yooj yim khaws cia dua li cadavers, qhov project tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv 24 teev, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov cuab yeej hauv tsev, thiab nws tuaj yeem siv los qhia ntau npaum li cas. ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.pawg [30, 49, 60, 61, 80, 81].Rov ua dua 3D luam ntawv rau kev qhia lub cev loj heev ua rau 3D luam ntawv qauv zoo dua [26].Kev siv 3DPAM tuaj yeem txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm lub hlwb [23] thiab txhim kho kev txhais ntawm cov duab hla ntu [23, 32].Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov tub ntxhais kawm raug 3DPAM feem ntau yuav raug phais [40, 74].Cov hlau txuas tuaj yeem muab tso rau los tsim cov kev txav uas xav tau los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev [51, 53], lossis cov qauv tuaj yeem luam tawm siv cov qauv tsim [67].
3D luam ntawv tso cai rau kev tsim cov qauv hloov kho anatomical los ntawm kev txhim kho qee yam hauv lub sijhawm ua qauv, [48, 80] tsim lub hauv paus tsim nyog, [59] sib txuas ntau yam qauv, [36] siv pob tshab, (49) xim, [45] lossis ua kom pom cov qauv sab hauv [30]Tripodi thiab cov npoj yaig siv sculpting av nplaum los ntxiv rau lawv cov qauv 3D luam tawm pob txha, hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov qauv tsim los ua cov cuab yeej qhia [47].Hauv 9 txoj kev tshawb fawb, xim tau siv tom qab luam ntawv [43, 46, 49, 54, 58, 59, 65, 69, 75], tab sis cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws ib zaug [49].Hmoov tsis zoo, txoj kev tshawb no tsis tau ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv kev cob qhia lossis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cob qhia.Qhov no yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm anatomy, vim tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm sib xyaw thiab kev sib koom ua ke tau tsim tau zoo [89].Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam, kev kawm tus kheej tau siv ntau zaus los ntsuas cov qauv [24, 26, 27, 32, 46, 69, 82].
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau xaus tias cov xim ntawm cov khoom siv yas yog ci dhau [45], lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau xaus tias tus qauv tsis yooj yim dhau [71], thiab ob qho kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev hauv tus qauv tsim[25, 45 ]..Xya txoj kev tshawb fawb tau xaus tias qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm 3DPAM tsis txaus [28, 34, 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].
Rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws anatomical qauv ntawm cov cheeb tsam loj thiab complex, xws li lub retroperitoneum los yog lub ncauj tsev menyuam nqaj qaum, lub sij hawm segmentation thiab qauv yog txiav txim siab ntev heev thiab tus nqi siab heev (txog US $ 2000) [27, 48].Hojo thiab cov npoj yaig tau hais hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tias nws siv sijhawm 40 teev los tsim cov qauv anatomical ntawm lub plab [42].Lub sij hawm segmentation ntev tshaj plaws yog 380 teev nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Weatherall thiab cov npoj yaig, uas muaj ntau yam qauv sib xyaw ua ke los tsim kom tiav cov qauv ntawm cov menyuam yaus [36].Hauv cuaj txoj kev tshawb fawb, segmentation thiab luam ntawv lub sij hawm raug suav hais tias tsis zoo [36, 42, 57, 58, 74].Txawm li cas los xij, 12 txoj kev tshawb fawb thuam lub cev ntawm lawv cov qauv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv qhov sib xws, [28, 62] tsis muaj pob tshab, [30] fragility thiab monochromaticity, [71] tsis muaj cov ntaub so ntswg, [66] lossis tsis muaj kev nthuav dav [28, 34] ib., 45, 48, 62, 63, 81].Cov kev tsis zoo no tuaj yeem kov yeej los ntawm kev nce segmentation lossis simulation sijhawm.Poob thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog ib qho teeb meem uas peb pab pawg [30, 74, 77].Raws li tus neeg mob cov ntaub ntawv, iodinated contrast agents tsis muab kev pom zoo vascular visibility vim txwv koob tshuaj [74].Kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm tus qauv cadaveric zoo li yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws uas txav deb ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tsawg npaum li qhov ua tau" thiab cov kev txwv ntawm koob tshuaj ntawm tus neeg sawv cev sib txawv txhaj.
Hmoov tsis zoo, ntau cov ntawv tsis hais txog qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 3DPAM.Tsawg tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov ntawv qhia meej meej seb lawv 3DPAM puas tau tinted.Kev pab them nqi ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm tsis sib xws (43% ntawm cov khoom), thiab tsuas yog 34% tau hais txog kev siv ntau yam xov xwm.Cov kev luam ntawv no tseem ceeb heev vim tias lawv cuam tshuam rau kev kawm ntawm 3DPAM.Feem ntau cov ntawv tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv txaus txog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tau txais 3DPAM (tsim lub sijhawm, cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog, nqi software, nqi luam ntawv, thiab lwm yam).Cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua ntej txiav txim siab pib qhov project los tsim 3DPAM tshiab.
Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia tau hais tias kev tsim thiab 3D luam ntawv ib txwm ua qauv anatomical ua tau ntawm tus nqi qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv FDM lossis SLA tshuab luam ntawv thiab pheej yig ib leeg-xim cov ntaub ntawv yas.Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv tsim yooj yim no tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv xim lossis ntxiv cov qauv tsim hauv cov khoom sib txawv.Ntau cov qauv siv tiag tiag (luam tawm siv ntau cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov xim thiab textures kom zoo dua cov tactile zoo ntawm tus qauv siv cadaver) yuav tsum tau kim dua 3D luam ntawv thev naus laus zis thiab siv sijhawm ntev dua.Qhov no yuav ua rau kom tus nqi tag nrho.Tsis muaj teeb meem twg yog xaiv cov txheej txheem luam ntawv, xaiv txoj kev pom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau 3DPAM txoj kev vam meej.Qhov siab dua qhov kev daws teeb meem spatial, qhov tseeb ntau tus qauv ua thiab tuaj yeem siv rau kev tshawb fawb qib siab.Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav, 3DPAM yog ib qho cuab yeej siv tau zoo rau kev qhia lub cev, raws li cov pov thawj los ntawm cov kev xeem paub tau muab rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab lawv qhov kev txaus siab.Qhov kev qhia ntawm 3DPAM yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws rov tsim cov cheeb tsam anatomical complex thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm siv nws thaum ntxov hauv lawv cov kev kawm kho mob.
Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm thiab / lossis tshuaj ntsuam hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tsis muaj rau pej xeem vim muaj kev cuam tshuam cov lus tab sis muaj los ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv raws li kev thov tsim nyog.
Drake RL, Lowry DJ, Pruitt CM.Kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho lub cev nqaij daim tawv, microanatomy, neurobiology, thiab embryology cov chav kawm hauv US cov ntaub ntawv kho mob hauv tsev kawm ntawv.Anat Rec.2002; 269(2:118-22).
Ghosh SK Cadaveric dissection ua ib qho cuab yeej kev kawm rau kev tshawb fawb anatomical nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st: Dissection ua ib qho cuab yeej kev kawm.Analysis ntawm science kev kawm.2017; 10(3): 286–99.
Post lub sij hawm: Apr-09-2024